詳解c#與js的rsa加密互通
ASN.1
抽象語法表示(標記)ASN.1(Abstract Syntax Notation One )一種數據定義語言,描述瞭對數據進行表示、編碼、傳輸和解碼的數據格式。網絡管理系統中的管理信息庫(MIB)、應用程序的數據結構、協議數據單元(PDU)都是用ASN.1定義的。
可以理解為ASN.1是對密鑰結構定義的一種規范
密鑰結構類型
PKCS#1
RSAPublicKey ::= SEQUENCE { modulus INTEGER, -- n publicExponent INTEGER -- e } RSAPrivateKey ::= SEQUENCE { version Version, modulus INTEGER, -- n publicExponent INTEGER, -- e privateExponent INTEGER, -- d prime1 INTEGER, -- p prime2 INTEGER, -- q exponent1 INTEGER, -- d mod (p-1) exponent2 INTEGER, -- d mod (q-1) coefficient INTEGER, -- (inverse of q) mod p otherPrimeInfos OtherPrimeInfos OPTIONAL }
PKCS#8
PublicKeyInfo ::= SEQUENCE { algorithm AlgorithmIdentifier, PublicKey BIT STRING ; 其中的BIT STRING是某個算法自己指定的二進制格式 ; RSA算法的話,就是上面的RSAPublicKey } AlgorithmIdentifier ::= SEQUENCE { algorithm OBJECT IDENTIFIER, parameters ANY DEFINED BY algorithm OPTIONAL } PrivateKeyInfo ::= SEQUENCE { version Version, algorithm AlgorithmIdentifier, PrivateKey BIT STRING } AlgorithmIdentifier ::= SEQUENCE { algorithm OBJECT IDENTIFIER, parameters ANY DEFINED BY algorithm OPTIONAL }
密鑰編碼類型
der格式
二進制格式
pem格式
把der格式的數據用base64編碼後,然後再在頭尾加上一段“—–”開始的標記
證書類型
X.509證書
X.509隻包含公鑰,沒有私鑰,這種證書一般公開發佈,可用於放在客服端使用,用於加密、驗簽
PKCS#12證書
因為X.509證書隻包含公鑰,但有些時候我們需要把私鑰和公鑰合並成一個證書,放在服務端使用,用於解密、簽名。
PKCS#12就定義瞭這樣一種證書,它既包含瞭公鑰有包含瞭私鑰。典型的入pfx、p12證書就是PKCS#12證書。
PKCS#7證書
當你收到一個網站的證書後,你需要驗證其真實性。因為一個X.509證書包含瞭公鑰、持有人信息、簽名。為瞭驗證其真實性,你需要簽證其簽名,而驗證簽名則需要簽發的CA機構的公鑰證書。同樣原理,當你拿到CA機構的公鑰證書後,你也需要驗證該CA機構的真實性,而驗證該CA機構的證書,你需要該CA上級機構的CA公鑰證書…以此類推,你需要一直驗證到根證書為止。所以為瞭驗證一個網站證書的真實性,你需要的不僅一張證書,而是一個證書鏈。而PKCS#7就定義瞭這樣一個證書鏈的類型結構。典型如p7b後綴名的證書就是這樣的格式。
證書後綴
.cer/.crt:存放公鑰,沒有私鑰,就是一個X.509證書,二進制形式存放
.pfx/.p12:存放公鑰和私鑰,通常包含保護密碼,二進制方式
證書與密鑰關系
數字證書和私鑰是匹配的關系。就好比鑰匙牌和鑰匙的關系。在數字證書簽發的時候,數字證書簽發系統(CA系統),在生成數字證書的同時,還會隨機生成一對密鑰,一個私鑰,一個公鑰。數字證書標示用戶身份, 相匹配的私鑰和公鑰,則是用來保障用戶身份的可認證性。就好比咱們拿著一串鑰匙,每個鑰匙上都標明有時某某房間的鑰匙,但是否是真的,還需要看能不能打開相應的房門。
密鑰生成
/// <summary> /// 取得私鑰和公鑰 XML 格式,返回數組第一個是私鑰,第二個是公鑰. /// </summary> /// <param name="size">密鑰長度,默認1024,可以為2048</param> /// <returns></returns> public static string[] CreateXmlKey(int size = 1024) { //密鑰格式要生成pkcs#1格式的 而不是pkcs#8格式的 RSACryptoServiceProvider sp = new RSACryptoServiceProvider(size); string privateKey = sp.ToXmlString(true);//private key string publicKey = sp.ToXmlString(false);//public key return new string[] { privateKey, publicKey }; } /// <summary> /// 取得私鑰和公鑰 CspBlob 格式,返回數組第一個是私鑰,第二個是公鑰. /// </summary> /// <param name="size"></param> /// <returns></returns> public static string[] CreateCspBlobKey(int size = 1024) { //密鑰格式要生成pkcs#1格式的 而不是pkcs#8格式的 RSACryptoServiceProvider sp = new RSACryptoServiceProvider(size); string privateKey = System.Convert.ToBase64String(sp.ExportCspBlob(true));//private key string publicKey = System.Convert.ToBase64String(sp.ExportCspBlob(false));//public key return new string[] { privateKey, publicKey }; } /// <summary> /// 導出PEM PKCS#1格式密鑰對,返回數組第一個是私鑰,第二個是公鑰. /// </summary> public static string[] CreateKey_PEM_PKCS1(int size = 1024) { RSACryptoServiceProvider rsa = new RSACryptoServiceProvider(size); string privateKey = RSA_PEM.ToPEM(rsa, false, false); string publicKey = RSA_PEM.ToPEM(rsa, true, false); return new string[] { privateKey, publicKey }; } /// <summary> /// 導出PEM PKCS#8格式密鑰對,返回數組第一個是私鑰,第二個是公鑰. /// </summary> public static string[] CreateKey_PEM_PKCS8(int size = 1024, bool convertToPublic = false) { RSACryptoServiceProvider rsa = new RSACryptoServiceProvider(size); string privateKey = RSA_PEM.ToPEM(rsa, false, true); string publicKey = RSA_PEM.ToPEM(rsa, true, true); return new string[] { privateKey, publicKey }; }
後端加/解密方法使用
/// <summary> /// RSA加密 /// </summary> /// <param name="Data">原文</param> /// <param name="PublicKeyString">公鑰</param> /// <param name="KeyType">密鑰類型XML/PEM</param> /// <returns></returns> public static string RSAEncrypt(string Data,string PublicKeyString,string KeyType) { byte[] data = Encoding.GetEncoding("UTF-8").GetBytes(Data); RSACryptoServiceProvider rsa = new RSACryptoServiceProvider(); switch (KeyType) { case "XML": rsa.FromXmlString(PublicKeyString); break; case "PEM": rsa = RSA_PEM.FromPEM(PublicKeyString); break; default: throw new Exception("不支持的密鑰類型"); } //加密塊最大長度限制,如果加密數據的長度超過 秘鑰長度/8-11,會引發長度不正確的異常,所以進行數據的分塊加密 int MaxBlockSize = rsa.KeySize / 8 - 11; //正常長度 if (data.Length <= MaxBlockSize) { byte[] hashvalueEcy = rsa.Encrypt(data, false); //加密 return System.Convert.ToBase64String(hashvalueEcy); } //長度超過正常值 else { using (MemoryStream PlaiStream = new MemoryStream(data)) using (MemoryStream CrypStream = new MemoryStream()) { Byte[] Buffer = new Byte[MaxBlockSize]; int BlockSize = PlaiStream.Read(Buffer, 0, MaxBlockSize); while (BlockSize > 0) { Byte[] ToEncrypt = new Byte[BlockSize]; Array.Copy(Buffer, 0, ToEncrypt, 0, BlockSize); Byte[] Cryptograph = rsa.Encrypt(ToEncrypt, false); CrypStream.Write(Cryptograph, 0, Cryptograph.Length); BlockSize = PlaiStream.Read(Buffer, 0, MaxBlockSize); } return System.Convert.ToBase64String(CrypStream.ToArray(), Base64FormattingOptions.None); } } } /// <summary> /// RSA解密 /// </summary> /// <param name="Data">密文</param> /// <param name="PrivateKeyString">私鑰</param> /// <param name="KeyType">密鑰類型XML/PEM</param> /// <returns></returns> public static string RSADecrypt(string Data,string PrivateKeyString, string KeyType) { RSACryptoServiceProvider rsa = new RSACryptoServiceProvider(); switch (KeyType) { case "XML": rsa.FromXmlString(PrivateKeyString); break; case "PEM": rsa = RSA_PEM.FromPEM(PrivateKeyString); break; default: throw new Exception("不支持的密鑰類型"); } int MaxBlockSize = rsa.KeySize / 8; //解密塊最大長度限制 //正常解密 if (Data.Length <= MaxBlockSize) { byte[] hashvalueDcy = rsa.Decrypt(System.Convert.FromBase64String(Data), false);//解密 return Encoding.GetEncoding("UTF-8").GetString(hashvalueDcy); } //分段解密 else { using (MemoryStream CrypStream = new MemoryStream(System.Convert.FromBase64String(Data))) using (MemoryStream PlaiStream = new MemoryStream()) { Byte[] Buffer = new Byte[MaxBlockSize]; int BlockSize = CrypStream.Read(Buffer, 0, MaxBlockSize); while (BlockSize > 0) { Byte[] ToDecrypt = new Byte[BlockSize]; Array.Copy(Buffer, 0, ToDecrypt, 0, BlockSize); Byte[] Plaintext = rsa.Decrypt(ToDecrypt, false); PlaiStream.Write(Plaintext, 0, Plaintext.Length); BlockSize = CrypStream.Read(Buffer, 0, MaxBlockSize); } string output = Encoding.GetEncoding("UTF-8").GetString(PlaiStream.ToArray()); return output; } } }
前端加密方法
註:jsencrypt默認PKCS#1結構,生成密鑰時需要註意
<script src="http://passport.cnblogs.com/scripts/jsencrypt.min.js"></script> var encryptor = new JSEncrypt() // 創建加密對象實例 //之前ssl生成的公鑰,復制的時候要小心不要有空格 var pubKey = '-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----MIGfMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4GNADCBiQKBgQC1QQRl0HlrVv6kGqhgonD6A9SU6ZJpnEN+Q0blT/ue6Ndt97WRfxtS'+ 'As0QoquTreaDtfC4RRX4o+CU6BTuHLUm+eSvxZS9TzbwoYZq7ObbQAZAY+SYDgAA5PHf1wNN20dGMFFgVS/y0ZWvv1UNa2laEz0I8Vmr5ZlzIn88GkmSiQIDAQAB-----END PUBLIC KEY-----' encryptor.setPublicKey(pubKey)//設置公鑰 var rsaPassWord = encryptor.encrypt('要加密的內容') // 對內容進行加密
c#pem格式轉換
註:c#的RSACryptoServiceProvider默認隻支持xml格式的密鑰解析
public class RSA_Unit { static public string Base64EncodeBytes(byte[] byts) { return System.Convert.ToBase64String(byts); } static public byte[] Base64DecodeBytes(string str) { try { return System.Convert.FromBase64String(str); } catch { return null; } } /// <summary> /// 把字符串按每行多少個字斷行 /// </summary> static public string TextBreak(string text, int line) { var idx = 0; var len = text.Length; var str = new StringBuilder(); while (idx < len) { if (idx > 0) { str.Append('\n'); } if (idx + line >= len) { str.Append(text.Substring(idx)); } else { str.Append(text.Substring(idx, line)); } idx += line; } return str.ToString(); } } static public class Extensions { /// <summary> /// 從數組start開始到指定長度復制一份 /// </summary> static public T[] sub<T>(this T[] arr, int start, int count) { T[] val = new T[count]; for (var i = 0; i < count; i++) { val[i] = arr[start + i]; } return val; } static public void writeAll(this Stream stream, byte[] byts) { stream.Write(byts, 0, byts.Length); } } 點擊並拖拽以移動 public class RSA_PEM { public static RSACryptoServiceProvider FromPEM(string pem) { var rsaParams = new CspParameters(); rsaParams.Flags = CspProviderFlags.UseMachineKeyStore; var rsa = new RSACryptoServiceProvider(rsaParams); var param = new RSAParameters(); var base64 = _PEMCode.Replace(pem, ""); var data = RSA_Unit.Base64DecodeBytes(base64); if (data == null) { throw new Exception("PEM內容無效"); } var idx = 0; //讀取長度 Func<byte, int> readLen = (first) => { if (data[idx] == first) { idx++; if (data[idx] == 0x81) { idx++; return data[idx++]; } else if (data[idx] == 0x82) { idx++; return (((int)data[idx++]) << 8) + data[idx++]; } else if (data[idx] < 0x80) { return data[idx++]; } } throw new Exception("PEM未能提取到數據"); }; //讀取塊數據 Func<byte[]> readBlock = () => { var len = readLen(0x02); if (data[idx] == 0x00) { idx++; len--; } var val = data.sub(idx, len); idx += len; return val; }; //比較data從idx位置開始是否是byts內容 Func<byte[], bool> eq = (byts) => { for (var i = 0; i < byts.Length; i++, idx++) { if (idx >= data.Length) { return false; } if (byts[i] != data[idx]) { return false; } } return true; }; if (pem.Contains("PUBLIC KEY")) { /****使用公鑰****/ //讀取數據總長度 readLen(0x30); if (!eq(_SeqOID)) { throw new Exception("PEM未知格式"); } //讀取1長度 readLen(0x03); idx++;//跳過0x00 //讀取2長度 readLen(0x30); //Modulus param.Modulus = readBlock(); //Exponent param.Exponent = readBlock(); } else if (pem.Contains("PRIVATE KEY")) { /****使用私鑰****/ //讀取數據總長度 readLen(0x30); //讀取版本號 if (!eq(_Ver)) { throw new Exception("PEM未知版本"); } //檢測PKCS8 var idx2 = idx; if (eq(_SeqOID)) { //讀取1長度 readLen(0x04); //讀取2長度 readLen(0x30); //讀取版本號 if (!eq(_Ver)) { throw new Exception("PEM版本無效"); } } else { idx = idx2; } //讀取數據 param.Modulus = readBlock(); param.Exponent = readBlock(); param.D = readBlock(); param.P = readBlock(); param.Q = readBlock(); param.DP = readBlock(); param.DQ = readBlock(); param.InverseQ = readBlock(); } else { throw new Exception("pem需要BEGIN END標頭"); } rsa.ImportParameters(param); return rsa; } static private Regex _PEMCode = new Regex(@"--+.+?--+|\s+"); static private byte[] _SeqOID = new byte[] { 0x30, 0x0D, 0x06, 0x09, 0x2A, 0x86, 0x48, 0x86, 0xF7, 0x0D, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x05, 0x00 }; static private byte[] _Ver = new byte[] { 0x02, 0x01, 0x00 }; /// <summary> /// 將RSA中的密鑰對轉換成PEM格式,usePKCS8=false時返回PKCS#1格式,否則返回PKCS#8格式,如果convertToPublic含私鑰的RSA將隻返回公鑰,僅含公鑰的RSA不受影響 /// </summary> public static string ToPEM(RSACryptoServiceProvider rsa, bool convertToPublic, bool usePKCS8) { //https://www.jianshu.com/p/25803dd9527d //https://www.cnblogs.com/ylz8401/p/8443819.html //https://blog.csdn.net/jiayanhui2877/article/details/47187077 //https://blog.csdn.net/xuanshao_/article/details/51679824 //https://blog.csdn.net/xuanshao_/article/details/51672547 var ms = new MemoryStream(); //寫入一個長度字節碼 Action<int> writeLenByte = (len) => { if (len < 0x80) { ms.WriteByte((byte)len); } else if (len <= 0xff) { ms.WriteByte(0x81); ms.WriteByte((byte)len); } else { ms.WriteByte(0x82); ms.WriteByte((byte)(len >> 8 & 0xff)); ms.WriteByte((byte)(len & 0xff)); } }; //寫入一塊數據 Action<byte[]> writeBlock = (byts) => { var addZero = (byts[0] >> 4) >= 0x8; ms.WriteByte(0x02); var len = byts.Length + (addZero ? 1 : 0); writeLenByte(len); if (addZero) { ms.WriteByte(0x00); } ms.Write(byts, 0, byts.Length); }; //根據後續內容長度寫入長度數據 Func<int, byte[], byte[]> writeLen = (index, byts) => { var len = byts.Length - index; ms.SetLength(0); ms.Write(byts, 0, index); writeLenByte(len); ms.Write(byts, index, len); return ms.ToArray(); }; if (rsa.PublicOnly || convertToPublic) { /****生成公鑰****/ var param = rsa.ExportParameters(false); //寫入總字節數,不含本段長度,額外需要24字節的頭,後續計算好填入 ms.WriteByte(0x30); var index1 = (int)ms.Length; //固定內容 // encoded OID sequence for PKCS #1 rsaEncryption szOID_RSA_RSA = "1.2.840.113549.1.1.1" ms.writeAll(_SeqOID); //從0x00開始的後續長度 ms.WriteByte(0x03); var index2 = (int)ms.Length; ms.WriteByte(0x00); //後續內容長度 ms.WriteByte(0x30); var index3 = (int)ms.Length; //寫入Modulus writeBlock(param.Modulus); //寫入Exponent writeBlock(param.Exponent); //計算空缺的長度 var byts = ms.ToArray(); byts = writeLen(index3, byts); byts = writeLen(index2, byts); byts = writeLen(index1, byts); return "-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----\n" + RSA_Unit.TextBreak(RSA_Unit.Base64EncodeBytes(byts), 64) + "\n-----END PUBLIC KEY-----"; } else { /****生成私鑰****/ var param = rsa.ExportParameters(true); //寫入總字節數,後續寫入 ms.WriteByte(0x30); int index1 = (int)ms.Length; //寫入版本號 ms.writeAll(_Ver); //PKCS8 多一段數據 int index2 = -1, index3 = -1; if (usePKCS8) { //固定內容 ms.writeAll(_SeqOID); //後續內容長度 ms.WriteByte(0x04); index2 = (int)ms.Length; //後續內容長度 ms.WriteByte(0x30); index3 = (int)ms.Length; //寫入版本號 ms.writeAll(_Ver); } //寫入數據 writeBlock(param.Modulus); writeBlock(param.Exponent); writeBlock(param.D); writeBlock(param.P); writeBlock(param.Q); writeBlock(param.DP); writeBlock(param.DQ); writeBlock(param.InverseQ); //計算空缺的長度 var byts = ms.ToArray(); if (index2 != -1) { byts = writeLen(index3, byts); byts = writeLen(index2, byts); } byts = writeLen(index1, byts); var flag = " PRIVATE KEY"; if (!usePKCS8) { flag = " RSA" + flag; } return "-----BEGIN" + flag + "-----\n" + RSA_Unit.TextBreak(RSA_Unit.Base64EncodeBytes(byts), 64) + "\n-----END" + flag + "-----"; } } }
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