Springboot自動加載配置的原理解析

1、springboot自動配置的原理初探

以下註解都在springboot的自動化配置包中:spring-boot-autoconfigure。讀者朋友可以跟著一下步驟走一遍,應該對自動配置就有一定的認知瞭。

1.springboot程序的入口是在啟動類,該類有個關鍵註解SpringBootApplication

@Target(ElementType.TYPE)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Documented
@Inherited
@SpringBootConfiguration
@EnableAutoConfiguration
@ComponentScan(excludeFilters = { @Filter(type = FilterType.CUSTOM, classes = TypeExcludeFilter.class),
		@Filter(type = FilterType.CUSTOM, classes = AutoConfigurationExcludeFilter.class) })
public @interface SpringBootApplication {
    //略……
}

2.打開SpringBootApplication註解,上面有個關鍵註解EnableAutoConfiguration

@Target(ElementType.TYPE)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Documented
@Inherited
@AutoConfigurationPackage
@Import(AutoConfigurationImportSelector.class)
public @interface EnableAutoConfiguration {
    //……
}

3.EnableAutoConfiguration上有個@Import(AutoConfigurationImportSelector.class),註意AutoConfigurationImportSelector,

@Import作用創建一個AutoConfigurationImportSelector的bean對象,並且加入IoC容器

	//org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.AutoConfigurationImportSelector
//此處隻貼瞭關鍵方法
protected List<String> getCandidateConfigurations(AnnotationMetadata metadata, AnnotationAttributes attributes) {
		List<String> configurations = SpringFactoriesLoader.loadFactoryNames(getSpringFactoriesLoaderFactoryClass(),
				getBeanClassLoader());
		Assert.notEmpty(configurations, "No auto configuration classes found in META-INF/spring.factories. If you "
				+ "are using a custom packaging, make sure that file is correct.");
		return configurations;
	}

4.AutoConfigurationImportSelector類中的getCandidateConfigurations方法代碼如上,其調用瞭SpringFactoriesLoader的loadFactoryNames方法,來獲取

configurations,此configurations列表其實就是要被自動花配置的類。SpringFactoriesLoader的兩個重要方法如下:

//org.springframework.core.io.support.SpringFactoriesLoader
//隻貼瞭兩個關鍵方法
	public static final String FACTORIES_RESOURCE_LOCATION = "META-INF/spring.factories";

//此方法返回的是即將要被自動化配置的類的全限定類名,是從META-INF/spring.factories配置的,配置文件中有個org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.EnableAutoConfiguration 其後面可配置多個想被自動花配置的類
    public static List<String> loadFactoryNames(Class<?> factoryType, @Nullab等le ClassLoader classLoader) {
            String factoryTypeName = factoryType.getName();
            return loadSpringFactories(classLoader).getOrDefault(factoryTypeName, Collections.emptyList());
     }


	private static Map<String, List<String>> loadSpringFactories(@Nullable ClassLoader classLoader) {
		MultiValueMap<String, String> result = cache.get(classLoader);
		if (result != null) {
			return result;
		}

		try {
			Enumeration<URL> urls = (classLoader != null ?
					classLoader.getResources(FACTORIES_RESOURCE_LOCATION) :
					ClassLoader.getSystemResources(FACTORIES_RESOURCE_LOCATION));//META-INF/spring.factories
			result = new LinkedMultiValueMap<>();
			while (urls.hasMoreElements()) {
				URL url = urls.nextElement();
				UrlResource resource = new UrlResource(url);
				Properties properties = PropertiesLoaderUtils.loadProperties(resource);
				for (Map.Entry<?, ?> entry : properties.entrySet()) {
					String factoryTypeName = ((String) entry.getKey()).trim();
					for (String factoryImplementationName : StringUtils.commaDelimitedListToStringArray((String) entry.getValue())) {
						result.add(factoryTypeName, factoryImplementationName.trim());
					}
				}
			}
			cache.put(classLoader, result);
			return result;
		}
		catch (IOException ex) {
			throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unable to load factories from location [" +
					FACTORIES_RESOURCE_LOCATION + "]", ex);
		}
	}

5.舉例分析,我們在spring.factories中可以看到org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.EnableAutoConfiguration後有一個org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.data.redis.RedisAutoConfiguration,說明springboot希望redis能夠自動化配置。接著我們打開RedisAutoConfiguration源碼查看。此處我故意沒復制源碼,用的截圖,可以看到截圖直接有報錯,編譯錯誤,錯誤的原因是我們還沒添加spring-boot-starter-data-redis的依賴。**這裡有個問題,為什麼明明代碼都報錯,Cannot resolve symbol xxx(未找到類),但是我們的項目依然可以啟動?不信你建立一個簡單的springboot項目,隻添加web依賴,手動打開RedisAutoConfiguration,發現是報紅錯的,但是你啟動項目,發現沒任何問題,why??**這個問題後面再解答,先接著看自動配置的問題。

6.先把RedisAutoConfiguration源碼復制出來方便我寫註釋,上面用截圖主要是讓大傢看到報錯

@Configuration(proxyBeanMethods = false)
@ConditionalOnClass(RedisOperations.class)
@EnableConfigurationProperties(RedisProperties.class)
@Import({ LettuceConnectionConfiguration.class, JedisConnectionConfiguration.class })
public class RedisAutoConfiguration {

	@Bean
	@ConditionalOnMissingBean(name = "redisTemplate")
	public RedisTemplate<Object, Object> redisTemplate(RedisConnectionFactory redisConnectionFactory)
			throws UnknownHostException {
		RedisTemplate<Object, Object> template = new RedisTemplate<>();
		template.setConnectionFactory(redisConnectionFactory);
		return template;
	}

	@Bean
	@ConditionalOnMissingBean
	public StringRedisTemplate stringRedisTemplate(RedisConnectionFactory redisConnectionFactory)
			throws UnknownHostException {
		StringRedisTemplate template = new StringRedisTemplate();
		template.setConnectionFactory(redisConnectionFactory);
		return template;
	}

}

看源碼可知RedisAutoConfiguration上有一個Configuration和ConditionalOnClass註解,先分析這兩個。首先Configuration註解,代表這是個Java config配置類,和spring配置bean的xml文件是一個作用,都是用來實例化bean的,**但是註意還有個@ConditionalOnClass(RedisOperations.class)註解,這個註解的作用是當RedisOperations.class這個類被找到後才會生效,如果沒找到此類,那麼整個RedisAutoConfiguration就不會生效。**所以當我們引入瞭redis的依賴,springboot首先會通過RedisAutoConfiguration的方法redisTemplate給我們設置一個默認的redis配置,當然這個方法上也有個註解@ConditionalOnMissingBean(name = “redisTemplate”),就是當我們沒有手動配redisTemplate這個bean它才會調用這個默認的方法,註入一個redisTemplate到IoC容器,所以一般情況我們都是手動配置這個redisTemplate,方便我們設置序列化器,如下:

@Configuration
public class RedisConfig {

    /**
     * 設置 redisTemplate 的序列化設置
     *
     * @param redisConnectionFactory
     * @return
     */
    @Bean
    public RedisTemplate<String, Object> redisTemplate(RedisConnectionFactory redisConnectionFactory) {
        // 1.創建 redisTemplate 模版
        RedisTemplate<String, Object> template = new RedisTemplate<>();
        // 2.關聯 redisConnectionFactory
        template.setConnectionFactory(redisConnectionFactory);
        // 3.創建 序列化類
        Jackson2JsonRedisSerializer jackson2JsonRedisSerializer = new Jackson2JsonRedisSerializer(Object.class);
        ObjectMapper om = new ObjectMapper();
        // 4.設置可見度
        om.setVisibility(PropertyAccessor.ALL, JsonAutoDetect.Visibility.ANY);
        // 5.啟動默認的類型
        om.enableDefaultTyping(ObjectMapper.DefaultTyping.NON_FINAL);
        // 6.序列化類,對象映射設置
        jackson2JsonRedisSerializer.setObjectMapper(om);
        // 7.設置 value 的轉化格式和 key 的轉化格式
        template.setValueSerializer(jackson2JsonRedisSerializer);
        template.setKeySerializer(new StringRedisSerializer());
        template.afterPropertiesSet();
        return template;
    }
}

RedisAutoConfiguration上還有一下兩個註解,作用是從配置文件讀取redis相關的信息,ip、端口、密碼等

@EnableConfigurationProperties(RedisProperties.class)
@Import({ LettuceConnectionConfiguration.class, JedisConnectionConfiguration.class })

2. 補充擴展(解釋為什麼引用的包都報紅錯瞭,項目還能啟動)

所有的@Condition註解(包括衍生的)其實都對應一個具體的實現,這個實現類裡面有個判斷方法叫做matches,返回的是個佈爾類型判斷值。

打開ConditionalOnClass源碼如下,其Conditional註解傳遞的是個OnClassCondition.class,這就其對應的判斷類,也就是說,當我們使用ConditionalOnClass註解時,其實際上調用的是OnClassCondition來判斷的

@Target({ ElementType.TYPE, ElementType.METHOD })
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Documented
@Conditional(OnClassCondition.class)
public @interface ConditionalOnClass {

	/**
	 * The classes that must be present. Since this annotation is parsed by loading class
	 * bytecode, it is safe to specify classes here that may ultimately not be on the
	 * classpath, only if this annotation is directly on the affected component and
	 * <b>not</b> if this annotation is used as a composed, meta-annotation. In order to
	 * use this annotation as a meta-annotation, only use the {@link #name} attribute.
	 * @return the classes that must be present
	 */
	Class<?>[] value() default {};

	/**
	 * The classes names that must be present.
	 * @return the class names that must be present.
	 */
	String[] name() default {};

}

ConditionalOnClass類圖如下,它繼承瞭condition接口

打開Condition接口如下,查看註釋,註釋中有說明 **條件判斷是在bean定義即將註冊到容器之前進行的,**看過springIoC源碼的同學應該知道,spring創建一個對象的過程是當服務啟動後,先讀取xml配置文件(或者通過註解),根據配置文件先定義一個BeanDefinition,然後把這個bean給放到容器(在spring中實際就是一個Map),然後在根據bean定義,通過反射創建真正的對象。反射會觸發類加載,當condition條件不滿足時,根據如下註釋可知,bean定義後續都被攔截瞭,連註冊都不行,所以自然就不可能通過反射創建對象,不反射自然不會觸發類加載,不觸發類加載那麼RedisAutoConfiguration當然啊不會加載,它不加載,那麼即使它裡面引用瞭一個不存在的類也不會有啥問題。

上面說的很繞,表達的不是很好,要想看懂以上部分需要掌握兩方面的知識:

  • 類加載原理,推薦看周志明老師的《深入理解JVM虛擬機》
  • spring IoC容器創建bean的原理,推薦《spring揭秘》,詳細看看IoC部分

3、又一個問題

spring-boot-autoconfigure.jar這個包中的RedisAutoConfiguration都報紅色錯誤瞭,那麼spring官方是怎麼打包出來spring-boot-autoconfigure.jar的??怎麼給我們提供瞭一個報錯的包呢

//TODO

總結

到此這篇關於Springboot自動加載配置原理的文章就介紹到這瞭,更多相關Springboot自動加載配置原理內容請搜索WalkonNet以前的文章或繼續瀏覽下面的相關文章希望大傢以後多多支持WalkonNet!

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