Java 多線程之間共享數據
1、線程范圍的共享變量
多個業務模塊針對同一個static
變量的操作 要保證在不同線程中 各模塊操作的是自身對應的變量對象
public class ThreadScopeSharaData { private static int data = 0 ; public static void main(String[] args) { for(int i = 0 ;i<2 ;i++){ new Thread(new Runnable(){ @Override public void run() { data = new Random().nextInt(); System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+ " put random data:"+data); new A().get() ; new B().get() ; } }).start() ; } } static class A { public int get(){ System.out.println("A from " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " get data :" + data); return data ; } } static class B{ public int get(){ System.out.println("B from " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " get data :" + data); return data ; } } }
模塊A ,B都需要訪問static
的變量data 在線程0中會隨機生成一個data值 假設為10 那麼此時模塊A和模塊B在線程0中得到的data
的值為10 ;在線程1中 假設會為data賦值為20 那麼在當前線程下
模塊A和模塊B得到data的值應該為20
看程序執行的結果:
Thread-0 put random data:-2009009251
Thread-1 put random data:-2009009251
A from Thread-0 get data :-2009009251
A from Thread-1 get data :-2009009251
B from Thread-0 get data :-2009009251
B from Thread-1 get data :-2009009251
Thread-0 put random data:-2045829602
Thread-1 put random data:-1842611697
A from Thread-0 get data :-1842611697
A from Thread-1 get data :-1842611697
B from Thread-0 get data :-1842611697
B from Thread-1 get data :-1842611697
會出現兩種情況:
- 1.由於線程執行速度,新的隨機值將就的隨機值覆蓋 data 值一樣
- 2.data 值不一樣,但 A、B線程都
2、使用Map實現線程范圍內數據的共享
可是將data數據和當前允許的線程綁定在一塊,在模塊A和模塊B去獲取數據data的時候 是通過當前所屬的線程去取得data的結果就行瞭。
聲明一個Map集合 集合的Key為Thread 存儲當前所屬線程 Value 保存data的值,
代碼如下:
public class ThreadScopeSharaData { private static Map<Thread, Integer> threadData = new HashMap<>(); public static void main(String[] args) { for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) { new Thread(new Runnable() { @Override public void run() { int data = new Random().nextInt(); System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " put random data:" + data); threadData.put(Thread.currentThread(), data); new A().get(); new B().get(); } }).start(); } } static class A { public void get() { int data = threadData.get(Thread.currentThread()); System.out.println("A from " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " get data:" + data); } } static class B { public void get() { int data = threadData.get(Thread.currentThread()); System.out.println("B from " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " get data:" + data); } } }
Thread-0 put random data:-123490895
Thread-1 put random data:-1060992440
A from Thread-0 get data:-123490895
A from Thread-1 get data:-1060992440
B from Thread-0 get data:-123490895
B from Thread-1 get data:-1060992440
3、ThreadLocal實現線程范圍內數據的共享
(1)訂單處理包含一系列操作:減少庫存量、增加一條流水臺賬、修改總賬,這幾個操作要在同一個事務中完成,通常也即同一個線程中進行處理,如果累加公司應收款的操作失敗瞭,則應該把前面的操作回滾,否則,提交所有操作,這要求這些操作使用相同的數據庫連接對象,而這些操作的代碼分別位於不同的模塊類中。
(2)銀行轉賬包含一系列操作: 把轉出帳戶的餘額減少,把轉入帳戶的餘額增加,這兩個操作要在同一個事務中完成,它們必須使用相同的數據庫連接對象,轉入和轉出操作的代碼分別是兩個不同的帳戶對象的方法。
(3)例如Strut2
的ActionContext
,同一段代碼被不同的線程調用運行時,該代碼操作的數據是每個線程各自的狀態和數據,對於不同的線程來說,getContext
方法拿到的對象都不相同,對同一個線程來說,不管調用getContext
方法多少次和在哪個模塊中getContext
方法,拿到的都是同一個。
(4)實驗案例:定義一個全局共享的ThreadLocal
變量,然後啟動多個線程向該ThreadLocal變量中存儲一個隨機值,接著各個線程調用另外其他多個類的方法,這多個類的方法中讀取這個ThreadLocal
變量的值,就可以看到多個類在同一個線程中共享同一份數據。
(5)實現對ThreadLocal
變量的封裝,讓外界不要直接操作ThreadLocal
變量。
- 對基本類型的數據的封裝,這種應用相對很少見。
- 對對象類型的數據的封裝,比較常見,即讓某個類針對不同線程分別創建一個獨立的實例對象。
public class ThreadLocalTest { private static ThreadLocal<Integer> threadLocal = new ThreadLocal<>(); public static void main(String[] args) { for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) { new Thread(new Runnable() { @Override public void run() { int data = new Random().nextInt(); System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " put random data:" + data); threadLocal.set(data); new A().get(); new B().get(); } }).start(); } } static class A { public void get() { int data = threadLocal.get(); System.out.println("A from " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " get data:" + data); } } static class B { public void get() { int data = threadLocal.get(); System.out.println("B from " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " get data:" + data); } } }
Thread-0 put random data:-2015900409
Thread-1 put random data:-645411160
A from Thread-0 get data:-2015900409
A from Thread-1 get data:-645411160
B from Thread-0 get data:-2015900409
B from Thread-1 get data:-645411160
4、優化
public class ThreadLocalTest { private static ThreadLocal<Integer> threadLocal = new ThreadLocal<>(); //private static ThreadLocal<MyThreadScopeData> myThreadScopeDataThreadLocal = new ThreadLocal<>(); public static void main(String[] args) { for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) { new Thread(new Runnable() { @Override public void run() { int data = new Random().nextInt(); System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " put random data:" + data); threadLocal.set(data); // MyThreadScopeData myThreadScopeData = new MyThreadScopeData(); // myThreadScopeData.setName("name" + data); // myThreadScopeData.setAge(data); // myThreadScopeDataThreadLocal.set(myThreadScopeData); //獲取與當前線程綁定的實例並設置值 MyThreadScopeData.getThreadInstance().setName("name" + data); MyThreadScopeData.getThreadInstance().setAge(data); new A().get(); new B().get(); } }).start(); } } static class A { public void get() { int data = threadLocal.get(); // MyThreadScopeData myData = myThreadScopeDataThreadLocal.get(); // // // System.out.println("A from " + Thread.currentThread().getName() // + " getMyData: " + myData.getName() + "," + myData.getAge()); MyThreadScopeData myData = MyThreadScopeData.getThreadInstance(); System.out.println("A from " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " getMyData: " + myData.getName() + "," + myData.getAge()); } } static class B { public void get() { int data = threadLocal.get(); //System.out.println("B from " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " get data:" + data); MyThreadScopeData myData = MyThreadScopeData.getThreadInstance(); System.out.println("B from " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " getMyData: " + myData.getName() + "," + myData.getAge()); } } } //一個綁定當前線程的類 class MyThreadScopeData { private static ThreadLocal<MyThreadScopeData> map = new ThreadLocal<>(); private String name; private int age; private MyThreadScopeData() { } //定義一個靜態方法,返回各線程自己的實例 //這裡不必用同步,因為每個線程都要創建自己的實例,所以沒有線程安全問題。 public static MyThreadScopeData getThreadInstance() { //獲取當前線程綁定的實例 MyThreadScopeData instance = map.get(); if (instance == null) { instance = new MyThreadScopeData(); map.set(instance); } return instance; } public String getName() { return name; } public void setName(String name) { this.name = name; } public int getAge() { return age; } public void setAge(int age) { this.age = age; } }
Thread-1 put random data:-1041517189
Thread-0 put random data:-98835751
A from Thread-1 getMyData: name-1041517189,-1041517189
A from Thread-0 getMyData: name-98835751,-98835751
B from Thread-1 getMyData: name-1041517189,-1041517189
B from Thread-0 getMyData: name-98835751,-98835751
5、實例
設計4個線程,其中兩個線程每次對j增加1,另外兩個線程對j每次減少1,寫出程序。
(1)如果每個線程執行的代碼相同,可以使用同一個Runnable
對象,這個Runnable對象中有那個共享數據,例如,賣票系統就可以這麼做。
public class SellTicket { //賣票系統,多個窗口的處理邏輯是相同的 public static void main(String[] args) { Ticket t = new Ticket(); new Thread(t).start(); new Thread(t).start(); } } /** * 將屬性和處理邏輯,封裝在一個類中 * * @author yang */ class Ticket implements Runnable { private int ticket = 10; public synchronized void run() { while (ticket > 0) { ticket--; System.out.println("當前票數為:" + ticket); } } }
(2)如果每個線程執行的代碼不同,這時候需要用不同的Runnable
對象,例如,設計2個線程。一個線程對j增加1,另外一個線程對j減1,銀行存取款系統。
public class MultiThreadShareData { private int j; public static void main(String[] args) { MultiThreadShareData multiThreadShareData = new MultiThreadShareData(); for(int i=0;i<2;i++){ new Thread(multiThreadShareData.new ShareData1()).start();//增加 new Thread(multiThreadShareData.new ShareData2()).start();//減少 } } //自增 private synchronized void Inc(){ j++; System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+" inc "+j); } //自減 private synchronized void Dec(){ j--; System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+" dec "+j); } class ShareData1 implements Runnable { public void run() { for(int i=0;i<5;i++){ Inc(); } } } class ShareData2 implements Runnable { public void run() { for(int i=0;i<5;i++){ Dec(); } } } }
Thread-0 inc 1
Thread-0 inc 2
Thread-0 inc 3
Thread-0 inc 4
Thread-0 inc 5
Thread-1 dec 4
Thread-1 dec 3
Thread-2 inc 4
Thread-2 inc 5
Thread-2 inc 6
Thread-2 inc 7
Thread-2 inc 8
Thread-1 dec 7
Thread-1 dec 6
Thread-1 dec 5
Thread-3 dec 4
Thread-3 dec 3
Thread-3 dec 2
Thread-3 dec 1
Thread-3 dec 0
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