MySQL表類型 存儲引擎 的選擇
1、查看當前數據庫支出的存儲引擎
方法1:
mysql> show engines \G; *************************** 1. row *************************** Engine: InnoDB Support: YES Comment: Supports transactions, row-level locking, and foreign keys Transactions: YES XA: YES Savepoints: YES *************************** 2. row *************************** Engine: MRG_MYISAM Support: YES Comment: Collection of identical MyISAM tables Transactions: NO XA: NO Savepoints: NO *************************** 3. row *************************** Engine: MEMORY Support: YES Comment: Hash based, stored in memory, useful for temporary tables Transactions: NO XA: NO Savepoints: NO *************************** 4. row *************************** Engine: BLACKHOLE Support: YES Comment: /dev/null storage engine (anything you write to it disappears) Transactions: NO XA: NO Savepoints: NO *************************** 5. row *************************** Engine: MyISAM Support: DEFAULT Comment: MyISAM storage engine Transactions: NO XA: NO Savepoints: NO *************************** 6. row *************************** Engine: CSV Support: YES Comment: CSV storage engine Transactions: NO XA: NO Savepoints: NO *************************** 7. row *************************** Engine: ARCHIVE Support: YES Comment: Archive storage engine Transactions: NO XA: NO Savepoints: NO *************************** 8. row *************************** Engine: PERFORMANCE_SCHEMA Support: YES Comment: Performance Schema Transactions: NO XA: NO Savepoints: NO *************************** 9. row *************************** Engine: FEDERATED Support: NO Comment: Federated MySQL storage engine Transactions: NULL XA: NULL Savepoints: NULL 9 rows in set (0.00 sec) ERROR: No query specified
方法2:
(Value 顯示為“DISABLED
”的記錄表示支持該存儲引擎,但是數據庫啟動的時候被禁用。)
mysql> show variables like 'have%'; +------------------------+----------+ | Variable_name | Value | +------------------------+----------+ | have_compress | YES | | have_crypt | NO | | have_dynamic_loading | YES | | have_geometry | YES | | have_openssl | DISABLED | | have_profiling | YES | | have_query_cache | YES | | have_rtree_keys | YES | | have_ssl | DISABLED | | have_statement_timeout | YES | | have_symlink | YES | +------------------------+----------+ 11 rows in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
2、ENGINE={存儲引起類型} 創建表的時候,設置存儲引擎
mysql> create table a( -> i bigint(20) not null auto_increment, -> primary key (i) -> ) engine=myisam default charset=gbk; ERROR 2006 (HY000): MySQL server has gone away No connection. Trying to reconnect... Connection id: 3 Current database: test Query OK, 0 rows affected (1.33 sec)
3、alter able tablename engine={存儲引起類型} 修改表為其他存儲引擎
mysql> alter table a engine=innodb; Query OK, 0 rows affected (1.70 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> show create table a \G; *************************** 1. row *************************** Table: a Create Table: CREATE TABLE `a` ( `i` bigint(20) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, PRIMARY KEY (`i`) ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=gbk 1 row in set (0.14 sec)
3.1 常用存儲引擎的對比
特點 | MyISAM | InnoDB | MEMORY | MERGE | NDB |
存儲限制 | 有 | 64TB | 有 | 沒有 | 有 |
事務安全 | 支持 | ||||
鎖機制 | 表鎖 | 行鎖 | 表鎖 | 表鎖 | 表鎖 |
B 樹索引 | 支持 | 支持 | 支持 | 支持 | 支持 |
哈希索引 | 支持 | 支持 | |||
全文索引 | 支持 | ||||
集群索引 | 支持 | ||||
數據緩存 | 支持 | 支持 | 支持 | ||
索引緩存 | 支持 | 支持 | 支持 | 支持 | 支持 |
數據可壓縮 | 支持 | ||||
空間使用 | 低 | 高 | N/A | 低 | 低 |
內存使用 | 低 | 高 | 中等 | 低 | 高 |
批量插入的速度 | 高 | 低 | 高 | 高 | 高 |
支持外鍵 | 支持 |
3.2 常用存儲引擎學習(MyISAM、InnoDB、MEMORY 和 MERGE)
MyISAM:
默認的MySQL
存儲引擎,不支持事務和外鍵
優點:訪問速度快
每個MyISAM
在磁盤上存儲成3個文件,其文件名和表名都相同。擴展名分別是:
.frm
(存儲表定義)
.MYD
(MYData,存儲數據)
.MYI
(MYIndex,存儲索引)
(數據文件和索引文件可以放置在不同的目錄,平均分佈 IO,獲得更快的速度。)
InnoDB:
處理效率較差,占用較多的空間用來保留數據和索引
優點:具有提交、回滾、奔潰恢復能力的事務安全、唯一支持外鍵的存儲引擎
自動增長列:InnoDB
表的自動增長列可以手工插入,但是插入的值如果是空或者 0,則實際插入的將是自動增長後的值
mysql> create table autoincre_demo( -> i smallint not null auto_increment, -> name varchar(10),primary key(i) -> )engine=innodb; ERROR 2006 (HY000): MySQL server has gone away No connection. Trying to reconnect... Connection id: 5 Current database: test Query OK, 0 rows affected (1.19 sec) mysql> insert into autoincre_demo values(1,"121"),(0,"dddf"),(null,"fdf"); Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.59 sec) Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> select * from autoincre_demo; +---+------+ | i | name | +---+------+ | 1 | 121 | | 2 | dddf | | 3 | fdf | +---+------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
alter table tabename auto_increment=n 設置自動增長列的初始值(此值默認從1開始)
可以使用 LAST_INSERT_ID()
查詢當前線程最後插入記錄使用的值。如果一次插入瞭多條記錄,那麼返回的是第一條記錄使用的自動增長值。
下面的例子演示瞭使用 LAST_INSERT_ID()的情況:
mysql> insert into autoincre_demo(name) values('3'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.36 sec) mysql> select LAST_INSERT_ID(); +------------------+ | LAST_INSERT_ID() | +------------------+ | 15 | +------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into autoincre_demo(name) values('3'),('6'),('323'),('21'); Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.09 sec) Records: 4 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> select LAST_INSERT_ID(); +------------------+ | LAST_INSERT_ID() | +------------------+ | 16 | +------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
外鍵約束:
在創建外鍵的時候,要求父表必須有對應的索引,子表在創建外鍵的時候也會自動創建對應的索引。
下面是樣例數據庫中的兩個表,country
表是父表,country_id
為主鍵索引,city
表是子表,country_id 字段對 country
表的 country_id
有外鍵。
mysql> create table country( -> country_id smallint unsigned not null auto_increment, -> country varchar(50) not null, -> last_update timestamp not null default current_timestamp on update current_timestamp, -> primary key(country_id) -> )engine=innodb default charset=utf8; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.86 sec) mysql> CREATE TABLE city ( -> city_id SMALLINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, -> city VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL, -> country_id SMALLINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL, -> last_update TIMESTAMP NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, -> PRIMARY KEY (city_id), -> KEY idx_fk_country_id (country_id), -> CONSTRAINT `fk_city_country` FOREIGN KEY (country_id) REFERENCES country (country_id) ON -> DELETE RESTRICT ON UPDATE CASCADE -> )ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8; Query OK, 0 rows affected (3.22 sec)
在創建索引的時候,可以指定在刪除、更新父表時,對子表進行的相應操作,包 RESTRICT
、CASCADE、SET NULL 和 NO ACTION
RESTRICT
和NO ACTION
相同,是指限制在子表有關聯記錄的情況下父表不能更新CASCADE
表示父表在更新或者刪除時,更新或者刪除子表對應記錄;SET NULL
則表示父表在更新或者刪除的時候,子表的對應字段被SET NULL
。
mysql> select * from country; +------------+---------+---------------------+ | country_id | country | last_update | +------------+---------+---------------------+ | 1 | AAA | 2021-06-16 15:09:22 | +------------+---------+---------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from city; +---------+------+------------+---------------------+ | city_id | city | country_id | last_update | +---------+------+------------+---------------------+ | 10 | bb | 1 | 2021-06-16 15:11:45 | +---------+------+------------+---------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> delete from country where country_id = 1; ERROR 1451 (23000): Cannot delete or update a parent row: a foreign key constraint fails (`test`.`city`, CONSTRAINT `fk_city_country` FOREIGN KEY (`country_id`) REFERENCES `country` (`country_id`) ON UPDATE CASCADE) mysql> update country set country_id = 10000 where country_id = 1; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.62 sec) Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0 mysql> select * from country; +------------+---------+---------------------+ | country_id | country | last_update | +------------+---------+---------------------+ | 10000 | AAA | 2021-06-16 15:13:35 | +------------+---------+---------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from city -> ; +---------+------+------------+---------------------+ | city_id | city | country_id | last_update | +---------+------+------------+---------------------+ | 10 | bb | 10000 | 2021-06-16 15:11:45 | +---------+------+------------+---------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
在導入多個表的數據時,如果需要忽略表之前的導入順序,可以暫時關閉外鍵的檢查;同樣,在執行 LOAD DATA
和 ALTER TABLE
操作的時候,可以通過暫時關閉外鍵約束來加快處理的速度,關閉的命令是“SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS = 0
;”,執行完成之後,通過執行“SETFOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS = 1
;”語句改回原狀態。
查看表外鍵信息:show create table
或者 show table status
命令
mysql> show table status like 'city' \G; *************************** 1. row *************************** Name: city Engine: InnoDB Version: 10 Row_format: Dynamic Rows: 1 Avg_row_length: 16384 Data_length: 16384 Max_data_length: 0 Index_length: 16384 Data_free: 0 Auto_increment: 11 Create_time: 2021-06-16 15:02:17 Update_time: 2021-06-16 15:13:35 Check_time: NULL Collation: utf8_general_ci Checksum: NULL Create_options: Comment: 1 row in set (0.43 sec) ERROR: No query specified
存儲方式:
- (1)、使用共享表空間存儲:表的表結構保存在.frm文件中,數據+索引存在
innodb_data_home_dir
和innodb_data_file_path
定義的表空間中,可以是多個文件 - (2)、使用多表空間存儲:表的表結構也保存在.frm文件中,數據+索引單獨存在.
ibd
中;如果是分區表,則每個分區對應單獨的.ibd文件,文件名是:“表名+分區名”,可以在創建分區的時候指定每個分區的數據文件的位置,以此來將表的 IO 均勻分佈在多個磁盤上
MEMORY:
使用存在內存中的內容來創建表
每個 MEMORY 表隻實際對應一個磁盤文件,格式是.frm
。
優點:訪問速度快(數據存儲在內存中),並且默認使用HASH索引,服務關閉則數據丟失
mysql> CREATE TABLE tab_memory ENGINE=MEMORY -> SELECT city_id,city,country_id -> FROM city GROUP BY city_id; ERROR 2006 (HY000): MySQL server has gone away No connection. Trying to reconnect... Connection id: 12 Current database: test Query OK, 1 row affected (0.62 sec) Records: 1 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> select * from tab_memory; +---------+------+------------+ | city_id | city | country_id | +---------+------+------------+ | 10 | bb | 10000 | +---------+------+------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> show table status like 'tab_memory' \G *************************** 1. row *************************** Name: tab_memory Engine: MEMORY Version: 10 Row_format: Fixed Rows: 1 Avg_row_length: 155 Data_length: 520320 Max_data_length: 65011650 Index_length: 0 Data_free: 0 Auto_increment: NULL Create_time: 2021-06-16 15:28:58 Update_time: NULL Check_time: NULL Collation: utf8_unicode_ci Checksum: NULL Create_options: Comment: 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
給表創建索引的時候可以指定索引類型是HASH
或是BTREE
mysql> create index mem_hash using hash on tab_memory(city_id); ERROR 2006 (HY000): MySQL server has gone away No connection. Trying to reconnect... Connection id: 13 Current database: test Query OK, 1 row affected (0.63 sec) Records: 1 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> show index from tab_memory \G; *************************** 1. row *************************** Table: tab_memory Non_unique: 1 Key_name: mem_hash Seq_in_index: 1 Column_name: city_id Collation: NULL Cardinality: 1 Sub_part: NULL Packed: NULL Null: Index_type: HASH Comment: Index_comment: 1 row in set (0.32 sec) ERROR: No query specified mysql> drop index mem_hash on tab_memory; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.31 sec) Records: 1 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> create index mem_hash using btree on tab_memory(city_id); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.16 sec) Records: 1 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> show index from tab_memory \G; *************************** 1. row *************************** Table: tab_memory Non_unique: 1 Key_name: mem_hash Seq_in_index: 1 Column_name: city_id Collation: A Cardinality: NULL Sub_part: NULL Packed: NULL Null: Index_type: BTREE Comment: Index_comment: 1 row in set (0.00 sec) ERROR: No query specified
MERGE:
此存儲殷勤是一組MyISAM
表的組合
對 MERGE
類型的表可以進行查詢、更新、刪除的操作,這些操作實際上是對內部的實際的 MyISAM
表進行的。
對於 MERGE
類型表的插入操作,是通過INSERT_METHOD
子句定義插入的表,可以有 3 個不同的值,使用 FIRST 或 LAST 值使得插入操作被相應地作用在第一或最後一個表上,不定義這個子句或者定義為 NO,表示不能對這個 MERGE 表執行插入操作。
可以對 MERGE
表進行 DROP 操作,這個操作隻是刪除 MERGE 的定義,對內部的表沒有任何的影響。
存儲文件:一個.frm
文件存儲表定義,另一個.MRG
文件包含組合表的信息,包括 MERGE
表由哪些表組成、插入新的數據時的依據
mysql> create table payment_2020( -> country_id smallint, -> payment_date datetime, -> amount DECIMAL(15,2), -> KEY idx_fk_country_id (country_id) -> )engine=myisam; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.25 sec) mysql> create table payment_2021( -> country_id smallint, -> payment_date datetime, -> amount DECIMAL(15,2), -> KEY idx_fk_country_id (country_id) -> )engine=myisam; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.54 sec) mysql> CREATE TABLE payment_all( -> country_id smallint, -> payment_date datetime, -> amount DECIMAL(15,2), -> INDEX(country_id) -> )engine=merge union=(payment_2020,payment_2021) INSERT_METHOD=LAST; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.47 sec)
分別向2020和2021中插入數據,並查詢
mysql> insert into payment_2020 values(1,'2020-06-01',100000),(2,'2020-06-15',150000); Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec) Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> insert into payment_2021 values(1,'2021-04-20',35000),(2,'2021-06-15',220000); Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.03 sec) Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> select * from payment_2020; +------------+---------------------+-----------+ | country_id | payment_date | amount | +------------+---------------------+-----------+ | 1 | 2020-06-01 00:00:00 | 100000.00 | | 2 | 2020-06-15 00:00:00 | 150000.00 | +------------+---------------------+-----------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from payment_2021; +------------+---------------------+-----------+ | country_id | payment_date | amount | +------------+---------------------+-----------+ | 1 | 2021-04-20 00:00:00 | 35000.00 | | 2 | 2021-06-15 00:00:00 | 220000.00 | +------------+---------------------+-----------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from payment_all; +------------+---------------------+-----------+ | country_id | payment_date | amount | +------------+---------------------+-----------+ | 1 | 2020-06-01 00:00:00 | 100000.00 | | 2 | 2020-06-15 00:00:00 | 150000.00 | | 1 | 2021-04-20 00:00:00 | 35000.00 | | 2 | 2021-06-15 00:00:00 | 220000.00 | +------------+---------------------+-----------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
可以發現,payment_all
表中的數據是 payment_2020
和 payment_2021
表的記錄合並後的結果集
下面向 MERGE
表插入一條記錄,由於 MERGE
表的定義是 INSERT_METHOD=LAST
,就會向最後一個表中插入記錄,所以雖然這裡插入的記錄是 2006 年的,但仍然會寫到 payment_2021
表中。
mysql> insert into payment_all values(3,'2020-03-30',12333131); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.31 sec) mysql> select * from payment_all; +------------+---------------------+-------------+ | country_id | payment_date | amount | +------------+---------------------+-------------+ | 1 | 2020-06-01 00:00:00 | 100000.00 | | 2 | 2020-06-15 00:00:00 | 150000.00 | | 1 | 2021-04-20 00:00:00 | 35000.00 | | 2 | 2021-06-15 00:00:00 | 220000.00 | | 3 | 2020-03-30 00:00:00 | 12333131.00 | +------------+---------------------+-------------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from payment_2021; +------------+---------------------+-------------+ | country_id | payment_date | amount | +------------+---------------------+-------------+ | 1 | 2021-04-20 00:00:00 | 35000.00 | | 2 | 2021-06-15 00:00:00 | 220000.00 | | 3 | 2020-03-30 00:00:00 | 12333131.00 | +------------+---------------------+-------------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from payment_2020; +------------+---------------------+-----------+ | country_id | payment_date | amount | +------------+---------------------+-----------+ | 1 | 2020-06-01 00:00:00 | 100000.00 | | 2 | 2020-06-15 00:00:00 | 150000.00 | +------------+---------------------+-----------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
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