MySQL表類型 存儲引擎 的選擇

1、查看當前數據庫支出的存儲引擎

方法1:

mysql> show engines \G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
      Engine: InnoDB
     Support: YES
     Comment: Supports transactions, row-level locking, and foreign keys
Transactions: YES
          XA: YES
  Savepoints: YES
*************************** 2. row ***************************
      Engine: MRG_MYISAM
     Support: YES
     Comment: Collection of identical MyISAM tables
Transactions: NO
          XA: NO
  Savepoints: NO
*************************** 3. row ***************************
      Engine: MEMORY
     Support: YES
     Comment: Hash based, stored in memory, useful for temporary tables
Transactions: NO
          XA: NO
  Savepoints: NO
*************************** 4. row ***************************
      Engine: BLACKHOLE
     Support: YES
     Comment: /dev/null storage engine (anything you write to it disappears)
Transactions: NO
          XA: NO
  Savepoints: NO
*************************** 5. row ***************************
      Engine: MyISAM
     Support: DEFAULT
     Comment: MyISAM storage engine
Transactions: NO
          XA: NO
  Savepoints: NO
*************************** 6. row ***************************
      Engine: CSV
     Support: YES
     Comment: CSV storage engine
Transactions: NO
          XA: NO
  Savepoints: NO
*************************** 7. row ***************************
      Engine: ARCHIVE
     Support: YES
     Comment: Archive storage engine
Transactions: NO
          XA: NO
  Savepoints: NO
*************************** 8. row ***************************
      Engine: PERFORMANCE_SCHEMA
     Support: YES
     Comment: Performance Schema
Transactions: NO
          XA: NO
  Savepoints: NO
*************************** 9. row ***************************
      Engine: FEDERATED
     Support: NO
     Comment: Federated MySQL storage engine
Transactions: NULL
          XA: NULL
  Savepoints: NULL
9 rows in set (0.00 sec)

ERROR:
No query specified

方法2:

(Value 顯示為“DISABLED”的記錄表示支持該存儲引擎,但是數據庫啟動的時候被禁用。)

mysql> show variables like 'have%';
+------------------------+----------+
| Variable_name          | Value    |
+------------------------+----------+
| have_compress          | YES      |
| have_crypt             | NO       |
| have_dynamic_loading   | YES      |
| have_geometry          | YES      |
| have_openssl           | DISABLED |
| have_profiling         | YES      |
| have_query_cache       | YES      |
| have_rtree_keys        | YES      |
| have_ssl               | DISABLED |
| have_statement_timeout | YES      |
| have_symlink           | YES      |
+------------------------+----------+
11 rows in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

2、ENGINE={存儲引起類型}  創建表的時候,設置存儲引擎

mysql> create table a(
    -> i bigint(20) not null auto_increment,
    -> primary key (i)
    -> ) engine=myisam default charset=gbk;
ERROR 2006 (HY000): MySQL server has gone away
No connection. Trying to reconnect...
Connection id:    3
Current database: test

Query OK, 0 rows affected (1.33 sec)

3、alter able tablename engine={存儲引起類型} 修改表為其他存儲引擎

mysql> alter table a engine=innodb;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (1.70 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> show create table a \G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
       Table: a
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `a` (
  `i` bigint(20) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  PRIMARY KEY (`i`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=gbk
1 row in set (0.14 sec)

3.1 常用存儲引擎的對比

特點 MyISAM  InnoDB MEMORY MERGE NDB
存儲限制 有  64TB 沒有
事務安全   支持      
鎖機制 表鎖 行鎖 表鎖 表鎖 表鎖
B 樹索引 支持 支持 支持 支持 支持
哈希索引     支持   支持
全文索引 支持        
集群索引   支持      
數據緩存   支持 支持   支持
索引緩存 支持 支持 支持 支持 支持
數據可壓縮   支持        
空間使用   N/A
內存使用 中等
批量插入的速度
支持外鍵   支持      

3.2 常用存儲引擎學習(MyISAM、InnoDB、MEMORY 和 MERGE)

MyISAM:

默認的MySQL存儲引擎,不支持事務和外鍵

優點:訪問速度快

每個MyISAM在磁盤上存儲成3個文件,其文件名和表名都相同。擴展名分別是:

.frm (存儲表定義)

.MYD (MYData,存儲數據)

.MYI (MYIndex,存儲索引)

(數據文件和索引文件可以放置在不同的目錄,平均分佈 IO,獲得更快的速度。)

InnoDB:

處理效率較差,占用較多的空間用來保留數據和索引

優點:具有提交、回滾、奔潰恢復能力的事務安全、唯一支持外鍵的存儲引擎

自動增長列:InnoDB 表的自動增長列可以手工插入,但是插入的值如果是空或者 0,則實際插入的將是自動增長後的值

mysql> create table autoincre_demo(
    -> i smallint not null auto_increment,
    -> name varchar(10),primary key(i)
    -> )engine=innodb;
ERROR 2006 (HY000): MySQL server has gone away
No connection. Trying to reconnect...
Connection id:    5
Current database: test

Query OK, 0 rows affected (1.19 sec)

mysql> insert into autoincre_demo values(1,"121"),(0,"dddf"),(null,"fdf");
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.59 sec)
Records: 3  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> select * from autoincre_demo;
+---+------+
| i | name |
+---+------+
| 1 | 121  |
| 2 | dddf |
| 3 | fdf  |
+---+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

alter table tabename auto_increment=n 設置自動增長列的初始值(此值默認從1開始)

可以使用 LAST_INSERT_ID()查詢當前線程最後插入記錄使用的值。如果一次插入瞭多條記錄,那麼返回的是第一條記錄使用的自動增長值。

下面的例子演示瞭使用 LAST_INSERT_ID()的情況:

mysql> insert into autoincre_demo(name) values('3');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.36 sec)

mysql> select LAST_INSERT_ID();
+------------------+
| LAST_INSERT_ID() |
+------------------+
|               15 |
+------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into autoincre_demo(name) values('3'),('6'),('323'),('21');
Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.09 sec)
Records: 4  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> select LAST_INSERT_ID();
+------------------+
| LAST_INSERT_ID() |
+------------------+
|               16 |
+------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)


外鍵約束:

在創建外鍵的時候,要求父表必須有對應的索引,子表在創建外鍵的時候也會自動創建對應的索引。

下面是樣例數據庫中的兩個表,country 表是父表,country_id 為主鍵索引,city 表是子表,country_id 字段對 country 表的 country_id 有外鍵。

mysql> create table country(
    -> country_id smallint unsigned not null auto_increment,
    -> country varchar(50) not null,
    -> last_update timestamp not null default current_timestamp on update current_timestamp,
    -> primary key(country_id)
    -> )engine=innodb default charset=utf8;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.86 sec)
mysql> CREATE TABLE city (
    -> city_id SMALLINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
    -> city VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
    -> country_id SMALLINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL,
    -> last_update TIMESTAMP NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
    -> PRIMARY KEY (city_id),
    -> KEY idx_fk_country_id (country_id),
    -> CONSTRAINT `fk_city_country` FOREIGN KEY (country_id) REFERENCES country (country_id) ON
    -> DELETE RESTRICT ON UPDATE CASCADE
    -> )ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (3.22 sec)

 在創建索引的時候,可以指定在刪除、更新父表時,對子表進行的相應操作,包 RESTRICT、CASCADE、SET NULL 和 NO ACTION

  • RESTRICT NO ACTION 相同,是指限制在子表有關聯記錄的情況下父表不能更新
  • CASCADE 表示父表在更新或者刪除時,更新或者刪除子表對應記錄;
  • SET NULL 則表示父表在更新或者刪除的時候,子表的對應字段被 SET NULL
mysql> select * from country;
+------------+---------+---------------------+
| country_id | country | last_update         |
+------------+---------+---------------------+
|          1 | AAA     | 2021-06-16 15:09:22 |
+------------+---------+---------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from city;
+---------+------+------------+---------------------+
| city_id | city | country_id | last_update         |
+---------+------+------------+---------------------+
|      10 | bb   |          1 | 2021-06-16 15:11:45 |
+---------+------+------------+---------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> delete from country where country_id = 1;
ERROR 1451 (23000): Cannot delete or update a parent row: a foreign key constraint fails (`test`.`city`, CONSTRAINT `fk_city_country` FOREIGN KEY (`country_id`) REFERENCES `country` (`country_id`) ON UPDATE CASCADE)

mysql> update country set country_id = 10000 where country_id = 1;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.62 sec)
Rows matched: 1  Changed: 1  Warnings: 0

mysql> select * from country;
+------------+---------+---------------------+
| country_id | country | last_update         |
+------------+---------+---------------------+
|      10000 | AAA     | 2021-06-16 15:13:35 |
+------------+---------+---------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from city
    -> ;
+---------+------+------------+---------------------+
| city_id | city | country_id | last_update         |
+---------+------+------------+---------------------+
|      10 | bb   |      10000 | 2021-06-16 15:11:45 |
+---------+------+------------+---------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

在導入多個表的數據時,如果需要忽略表之前的導入順序,可以暫時關閉外鍵的檢查;同樣,在執行 LOAD DATA ALTER TABLE 操作的時候,可以通過暫時關閉外鍵約束來加快處理的速度,關閉的命令是“SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS = 0;”,執行完成之後,通過執行“SETFOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS = 1;”語句改回原狀態。

查看表外鍵信息:show create table 或者 show table status 命令

mysql> show table status like 'city' \G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
           Name: city
         Engine: InnoDB
        Version: 10
     Row_format: Dynamic
           Rows: 1
 Avg_row_length: 16384
    Data_length: 16384
Max_data_length: 0
   Index_length: 16384
      Data_free: 0
 Auto_increment: 11
    Create_time: 2021-06-16 15:02:17
    Update_time: 2021-06-16 15:13:35
     Check_time: NULL
      Collation: utf8_general_ci
       Checksum: NULL
 Create_options:
        Comment:
1 row in set (0.43 sec)

ERROR:
No query specified
 

 存儲方式:

  •   (1)、使用共享表空間存儲:表的表結構保存在.frm文件中,數據+索引存在 innodb_data_home_dir innodb_data_file_path 定義的表空間中,可以是多個文件
  •   (2)、使用多表空間存儲:表的表結構也保存在.frm文件中,數據+索引單獨存在.ibd中;如果是分區表,則每個分區對應單獨的.ibd文件,文件名是:“表名+分區名”,可以在創建分區的時候指定每個分區的數據文件的位置,以此來將表的 IO 均勻分佈在多個磁盤上

 MEMORY:

使用存在內存中的內容來創建表

每個 MEMORY 表隻實際對應一個磁盤文件,格式是.frm

優點:訪問速度快(數據存儲在內存中),並且默認使用HASH索引,服務關閉則數據丟失

mysql> CREATE TABLE tab_memory ENGINE=MEMORY
    -> SELECT city_id,city,country_id
    -> FROM city GROUP BY city_id;
ERROR 2006 (HY000): MySQL server has gone away
No connection. Trying to reconnect...
Connection id:    12
Current database: test

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.62 sec)
Records: 1  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> select * from tab_memory;
+---------+------+------------+
| city_id | city | country_id |
+---------+------+------------+
|      10 | bb   |      10000 |
+---------+------+------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> show table status like 'tab_memory' \G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
           Name: tab_memory
         Engine: MEMORY
        Version: 10
     Row_format: Fixed
           Rows: 1
 Avg_row_length: 155
    Data_length: 520320
Max_data_length: 65011650
   Index_length: 0
      Data_free: 0
 Auto_increment: NULL
    Create_time: 2021-06-16 15:28:58
    Update_time: NULL
     Check_time: NULL
      Collation: utf8_unicode_ci
       Checksum: NULL
 Create_options:
        Comment:
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

給表創建索引的時候可以指定索引類型是HASH或是BTREE

mysql> create index mem_hash using hash on tab_memory(city_id);
ERROR 2006 (HY000): MySQL server has gone away
No connection. Trying to reconnect...
Connection id:    13
Current database: test

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.63 sec)
Records: 1  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> show index from tab_memory \G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
        Table: tab_memory
   Non_unique: 1
     Key_name: mem_hash
 Seq_in_index: 1
  Column_name: city_id
    Collation: NULL
  Cardinality: 1
     Sub_part: NULL
       Packed: NULL
         Null:
   Index_type: HASH
      Comment:
Index_comment:
1 row in set (0.32 sec)

ERROR:
No query specified

mysql> drop index mem_hash on tab_memory;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.31 sec)
Records: 1  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> create index mem_hash using btree on tab_memory(city_id);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.16 sec)
Records: 1  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> show index from tab_memory \G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
        Table: tab_memory
   Non_unique: 1
     Key_name: mem_hash
 Seq_in_index: 1
  Column_name: city_id
    Collation: A
  Cardinality: NULL
     Sub_part: NULL
       Packed: NULL
         Null:
   Index_type: BTREE
      Comment:
Index_comment:
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

ERROR:
No query specified
 

MERGE:

此存儲殷勤是一組MyISAM表的組合

MERGE 類型的表可以進行查詢、更新、刪除的操作,這些操作實際上是對內部的實際的 MyISAM 表進行的。

對於 MERGE 類型表的插入操作,是通過INSERT_METHOD 子句定義插入的表,可以有 3 個不同的值,使用 FIRST 或 LAST 值使得插入操作被相應地作用在第一或最後一個表上,不定義這個子句或者定義為 NO,表示不能對這個 MERGE 表執行插入操作。

可以對 MERGE 表進行 DROP 操作,這個操作隻是刪除 MERGE 的定義,對內部的表沒有任何的影響。

存儲文件:一個.frm 文件存儲表定義,另一個.MRG 文件包含組合表的信息,包括 MERGE 表由哪些表組成、插入新的數據時的依據

mysql> create table payment_2020(
    -> country_id smallint,
    -> payment_date datetime,
    -> amount DECIMAL(15,2),
    -> KEY idx_fk_country_id (country_id)
    -> )engine=myisam;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.25 sec)

mysql>  create table payment_2021(
    -> country_id smallint,
    -> payment_date datetime,
    -> amount DECIMAL(15,2),
    -> KEY idx_fk_country_id (country_id)
    -> )engine=myisam;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.54 sec)

mysql> CREATE TABLE payment_all(
    -> country_id smallint,
    -> payment_date datetime,
    -> amount DECIMAL(15,2),
    -> INDEX(country_id)
    -> )engine=merge union=(payment_2020,payment_2021) INSERT_METHOD=LAST;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.47 sec)


分別向2020和2021中插入數據,並查詢

mysql> insert into payment_2020 values(1,'2020-06-01',100000),(2,'2020-06-15',150000);
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 2  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> insert into payment_2021 values(1,'2021-04-20',35000),(2,'2021-06-15',220000);
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.03 sec)
Records: 2  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> select * from payment_2020;
+------------+---------------------+-----------+
| country_id | payment_date        | amount    |
+------------+---------------------+-----------+
|          1 | 2020-06-01 00:00:00 | 100000.00 |
|          2 | 2020-06-15 00:00:00 | 150000.00 |
+------------+---------------------+-----------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from payment_2021;
+------------+---------------------+-----------+
| country_id | payment_date        | amount    |
+------------+---------------------+-----------+
|          1 | 2021-04-20 00:00:00 |  35000.00 |
|          2 | 2021-06-15 00:00:00 | 220000.00 |
+------------+---------------------+-----------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from payment_all;
+------------+---------------------+-----------+
| country_id | payment_date        | amount    |
+------------+---------------------+-----------+
|          1 | 2020-06-01 00:00:00 | 100000.00 |
|          2 | 2020-06-15 00:00:00 | 150000.00 |
|          1 | 2021-04-20 00:00:00 |  35000.00 |
|          2 | 2021-06-15 00:00:00 | 220000.00 |
+------------+---------------------+-----------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

可以發現,payment_all 表中的數據是 payment_2020 payment_2021 表的記錄合並後的結果集

下面向 MERGE 表插入一條記錄,由於 MERGE 表的定義是 INSERT_METHOD=LAST,就會向最後一個表中插入記錄,所以雖然這裡插入的記錄是 2006 年的,但仍然會寫到 payment_2021表中。

mysql> insert into payment_all values(3,'2020-03-30',12333131);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.31 sec)

mysql> select * from payment_all;
+------------+---------------------+-------------+
| country_id | payment_date        | amount      |
+------------+---------------------+-------------+
|          1 | 2020-06-01 00:00:00 |   100000.00 |
|          2 | 2020-06-15 00:00:00 |   150000.00 |
|          1 | 2021-04-20 00:00:00 |    35000.00 |
|          2 | 2021-06-15 00:00:00 |   220000.00 |
|          3 | 2020-03-30 00:00:00 | 12333131.00 |
+------------+---------------------+-------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from payment_2021;
+------------+---------------------+-------------+
| country_id | payment_date        | amount      |
+------------+---------------------+-------------+
|          1 | 2021-04-20 00:00:00 |    35000.00 |
|          2 | 2021-06-15 00:00:00 |   220000.00 |
|          3 | 2020-03-30 00:00:00 | 12333131.00 |
+------------+---------------------+-------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from payment_2020;
+------------+---------------------+-----------+
| country_id | payment_date        | amount    |
+------------+---------------------+-----------+
|          1 | 2020-06-01 00:00:00 | 100000.00 |
|          2 | 2020-06-15 00:00:00 | 150000.00 |
+------------+---------------------+-----------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

到此這篇關於MySQL表類型 存儲引擎 的選擇的文章就介紹到這瞭,更多相關MySQL表類型 存儲引擎內容請搜索WalkonNet以前的文章或繼續瀏覽下面的相關文章希望大傢以後多多支持WalkonNet!

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