Spring事務處理Transactional,鎖同步和並發線程
Spring事務傳播機制和數據庫隔離級別
在標準SQL規范中定義瞭4個事務隔離級別，不同隔離級別對事務處理不同 。
- 未授權讀取（Read Uncommitted）： 也稱 未提交讀。允許臟讀取但不允許更新丟失，如果一個事務已經開始寫數據則另外一個數據則不允許同時進行寫操作但允許其他事務讀此行數據。該隔離級別可以通過 “排他寫鎖”實現。事務隔離的最低級別，僅可保證不讀取物理損壞的數據。與READ COMMITTED 隔離級相反，它允許讀取已經被其它用戶修改但尚未提交確定的數據。
- 授權讀取（Read Committed）： 也稱提交 讀。允許不可重復讀取但不允許臟讀取。這可以通過“瞬間共享讀鎖”和“排他寫鎖”實現，讀取數據的事務允許其他事務繼續訪問該行數據，但是未提交寫事務將 會禁止其他事務訪問該行。SQL Server 默認的級別。在此隔離級下，SELECT 命令不會返回尚未提交（Committed） 的數據，也不能返回臟數據。
- 可重復讀取（Repeatable Read）： 禁止 不可重復讀取和臟讀取。但是有時可能出現幻影數據，這可以通過“共享讀鎖”和“排他寫鎖”實現，讀取數據事務將會禁止寫事務（但允許讀事務），寫事務則禁 止任何其他事務。在此隔離級下，用SELECT 命令讀取的數據在整個命令執行過程中不會被更改。此選項會影響系統的效能，非必要情況最好不用此隔離級。
- 串行（Serializable）： 也稱可串行讀。提 供嚴格的事務隔離，它要求事務序列化執行，事務隻能一個接著一個地執行，但不能並發執行。如果僅僅通過“行級鎖”是無法實現事務序列化的，必須通過其他機 制保證新插入的數據不會被剛執行查詢操作事務訪問到。事務隔離的最高級別，事務之間完全隔離。如果事務在可串行讀隔離級別上運行，則可以保證任何並發重疊 事務均是串行的。
| 隔離級別 | 更新丟失 | 臟讀取 | 重復讀取 | 幻讀 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 未授權讀取 | N | Y | Y | Y |
| 授權讀取 | N | N | Y | Y |
| 可重復讀取 | N | N | N | Y |
| 串行 | N | N | N | N |
Spring在TransactionDefinition接口中規定瞭7種類型的事務傳播行為，它們規定瞭事務方法和事務方法發生嵌套調用時事務如何進行傳播：
package org.springframework.transaction.annotation;
import org.springframework.transaction.TransactionDefinition;
/**
* Enumeration that represents transaction propagation behaviors for use
* with the {@link Transactional} annotation, corresponding to the
* {@link TransactionDefinition} interface.
*
* @author Colin Sampaleanu
* @author Juergen Hoeller
* @since 1.2
*/
public enum Propagation {
/**
* Support a current transaction, create a new one if none exists.
* Analogous to EJB transaction attribute of the same name.
* <p>This is the default setting of a transaction annotation.
*/
REQUIRED(TransactionDefinition.PROPAGATION_REQUIRED),
/**
* Support a current transaction, execute non-transactionally if none exists.
* Analogous to EJB transaction attribute of the same name.
* <p>Note: For transaction managers with transaction synchronization,
* PROPAGATION_SUPPORTS is slightly different from no transaction at all,
* as it defines a transaction scope that synchronization will apply for.
* As a consequence, the same resources (JDBC Connection, Hibernate Session, etc)
* will be shared for the entire specified scope. Note that this depends on
* the actual synchronization configuration of the transaction manager.
* @see org.springframework.transaction.support.AbstractPlatformTransactionManager#setTransactionSynchronization
*/
SUPPORTS(TransactionDefinition.PROPAGATION_SUPPORTS),
/**
* Support a current transaction, throw an exception if none exists.
* Analogous to EJB transaction attribute of the same name.
*/
MANDATORY(TransactionDefinition.PROPAGATION_MANDATORY),
/**
* Create a new transaction, and suspend the current transaction if one exists.
* Analogous to the EJB transaction attribute of the same name.
* <p>Note: Actual transaction suspension will not work out-of-the-box on
* all transaction managers. This in particular applies to JtaTransactionManager,
* which requires the {@code javax.transaction.TransactionManager} to be
* made available it to it (which is server-specific in standard J2EE).
* @see org.springframework.transaction.jta.JtaTransactionManager#setTransactionManager
*/
REQUIRES_NEW(TransactionDefinition.PROPAGATION_REQUIRES_NEW),
/**
* Execute non-transactionally, suspend the current transaction if one exists.
* Analogous to EJB transaction attribute of the same name.
* <p>Note: Actual transaction suspension will not work on out-of-the-box
* on all transaction managers. This in particular applies to JtaTransactionManager,
* which requires the {@code javax.transaction.TransactionManager} to be
* made available it to it (which is server-specific in standard J2EE).
* @see org.springframework.transaction.jta.JtaTransactionManager#setTransactionManager
*/
NOT_SUPPORTED(TransactionDefinition.PROPAGATION_NOT_SUPPORTED),
/**
* Execute non-transactionally, throw an exception if a transaction exists.
* Analogous to EJB transaction attribute of the same name.
*/
NEVER(TransactionDefinition.PROPAGATION_NEVER),
/**
* Execute within a nested transaction if a current transaction exists,
* behave like PROPAGATION_REQUIRED else. There is no analogous feature in EJB.
* <p>Note: Actual creation of a nested transaction will only work on specific
* transaction managers. Out of the box, this only applies to the JDBC
* DataSourceTransactionManager when working on a JDBC 3.0 driver.
* Some JTA providers might support nested transactions as well.
* @see org.springframework.jdbc.datasource.DataSourceTransactionManager
通過創建Savepoint實現嵌套事務，達到內層事務若拋出異常(unchecked exception)則回滾到savepoint處，但不影響外層事務；外層事務的回滾會一起回滾內層事務；
*/
NESTED(TransactionDefinition.PROPAGATION_NESTED);
private final int value;
Propagation(int value) { this.value = value; }
public int value() { return this.value; }
}
/*
* Copyright 2002-2012 the original author or authors.
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package org.springframework.transaction;
import java.sql.Connection;
/**
* Interface that defines Spring-compliant transaction properties.
* Based on the propagation behavior definitions analogous to EJB CMT attributes.
*
* <p>Note that isolation level and timeout settings will not get applied unless
* an actual new transaction gets started. As only {@link #PROPAGATION_REQUIRED},
* {@link #PROPAGATION_REQUIRES_NEW} and {@link #PROPAGATION_NESTED} can cause
* that, it usually doesn't make sense to specify those settings in other cases.
* Furthermore, be aware that not all transaction managers will support those
* advanced features and thus might throw corresponding exceptions when given
* non-default values.
*
* <p>The {@link #isReadOnly() read-only flag} applies to any transaction context,
* whether backed by an actual resource transaction or operating non-transactionally
* at the resource level. In the latter case, the flag will only apply to managed
* resources within the application, such as a Hibernate {@code Session}.
*
* @author Juergen Hoeller
* @since 08.05.2003
* @see PlatformTransactionManager#getTransaction(TransactionDefinition)
* @see org.springframework.transaction.support.DefaultTransactionDefinition
* @see org.springframework.transaction.interceptor.TransactionAttribute
*/
public interface TransactionDefinition {
/**
* Support a current transaction; create a new one if none exists.
* Analogous to the EJB transaction attribute of the same name.
* <p>This is typically the default setting of a transaction definition,
* and typically defines a transaction synchronization scope.
*/
int PROPAGATION_REQUIRED = 0;
/**
* Support a current transaction; execute non-transactionally if none exists.
* Analogous to the EJB transaction attribute of the same name.
* <p><b>NOTE:</b> For transaction managers with transaction synchronization,
* {@code PROPAGATION_SUPPORTS} is slightly different from no transaction
* at all, as it defines a transaction scope that synchronization might apply to.
* As a consequence, the same resources (a JDBC {@code Connection}, a
* Hibernate {@code Session}, etc) will be shared for the entire specified
* scope. Note that the exact behavior depends on the actual synchronization
* configuration of the transaction manager!
* <p>In general, use {@code PROPAGATION_SUPPORTS} with care! In particular, do
* not rely on {@code PROPAGATION_REQUIRED} or {@code PROPAGATION_REQUIRES_NEW}
* <i>within</i> a {@code PROPAGATION_SUPPORTS} scope (which may lead to
* synchronization conflicts at runtime). If such nesting is unavoidable, make sure
* to configure your transaction manager appropriately (typically switching to
* "synchronization on actual transaction").
* @see org.springframework.transaction.support.AbstractPlatformTransactionManager#setTransactionSynchronization
* @see org.springframework.transaction.support.AbstractPlatformTransactionManager#SYNCHRONIZATION_ON_ACTUAL_TRANSACTION
*/
int PROPAGATION_SUPPORTS = 1;
/**
* Support a current transaction; throw an exception if no current transaction
* exists. Analogous to the EJB transaction attribute of the same name.
* <p>Note that transaction synchronization within a {@code PROPAGATION_MANDATORY}
* scope will always be driven by the surrounding transaction.
*/
int PROPAGATION_MANDATORY = 2;
/**
* Create a new transaction, suspending the current transaction if one exists.
* Analogous to the EJB transaction attribute of the same name.
* <p><b>NOTE:</b> Actual transaction suspension will not work out-of-the-box
* on all transaction managers. This in particular applies to
* {@link org.springframework.transaction.jta.JtaTransactionManager},
* which requires the {@code javax.transaction.TransactionManager}
* to be made available it to it (which is server-specific in standard J2EE).
* <p>A {@code PROPAGATION_REQUIRES_NEW} scope always defines its own
* transaction synchronizations. Existing synchronizations will be suspended
* and resumed appropriately.
* @see org.springframework.transaction.jta.JtaTransactionManager#setTransactionManager
*/
int PROPAGATION_REQUIRES_NEW = 3;
/**
* Do not support a current transaction; rather always execute non-transactionally.
* Analogous to the EJB transaction attribute of the same name.
* <p><b>NOTE:</b> Actual transaction suspension will not work out-of-the-box
* on all transaction managers. This in particular applies to
* {@link org.springframework.transaction.jta.JtaTransactionManager},
* which requires the {@code javax.transaction.TransactionManager}
* to be made available it to it (which is server-specific in standard J2EE).
* <p>Note that transaction synchronization is <i>not</i> available within a
* {@code PROPAGATION_NOT_SUPPORTED} scope. Existing synchronizations
* will be suspended and resumed appropriately.
* @see org.springframework.transaction.jta.JtaTransactionManager#setTransactionManager
*/
int PROPAGATION_NOT_SUPPORTED = 4;
/**
* Do not support a current transaction; throw an exception if a current transaction
* exists. Analogous to the EJB transaction attribute of the same name.
* <p>Note that transaction synchronization is <i>not</i> available within a
* {@code PROPAGATION_NEVER} scope.
*/
int PROPAGATION_NEVER = 5;
/**
* Execute within a nested transaction if a current transaction exists,
* behave like {@link #PROPAGATION_REQUIRED} else. There is no analogous
* feature in EJB.
* <p><b>NOTE:</b> Actual creation of a nested transaction will only work on
* specific transaction managers. Out of the box, this only applies to the JDBC
* {@link org.springframework.jdbc.datasource.DataSourceTransactionManager}
* when working on a JDBC 3.0 driver. Some JTA providers might support
* nested transactions as well.
* @see org.springframework.jdbc.datasource.DataSourceTransactionManager
*/
int PROPAGATION_NESTED = 6;
/**
* Use the default isolation level of the underlying datastore.
* All other levels correspond to the JDBC isolation levels.
* @see java.sql.Connection
*/
int ISOLATION_DEFAULT = -1;
/**
* Indicates that dirty reads, non-repeatable reads and phantom reads
* can occur.
* <p>This level allows a row changed by one transaction to be read by another
* transaction before any changes in that row have been committed (a "dirty read").
* If any of the changes are rolled back, the second transaction will have
* retrieved an invalid row.
* @see java.sql.Connection#TRANSACTION_READ_UNCOMMITTED
*/
int ISOLATION_READ_UNCOMMITTED = Connection.TRANSACTION_READ_UNCOMMITTED;
/**
* Indicates that dirty reads are prevented; non-repeatable reads and
* phantom reads can occur.
* <p>This level only prohibits a transaction from reading a row
* with uncommitted changes in it.
* @see java.sql.Connection#TRANSACTION_READ_COMMITTED
*/
int ISOLATION_READ_COMMITTED = Connection.TRANSACTION_READ_COMMITTED;
/**
* Indicates that dirty reads and non-repeatable reads are prevented;
* phantom reads can occur.
* <p>This level prohibits a transaction from reading a row with uncommitted changes
* in it, and it also prohibits the situation where one transaction reads a row,
* a second transaction alters the row, and the first transaction re-reads the row,
* getting different values the second time (a "non-repeatable read").
* @see java.sql.Connection#TRANSACTION_REPEATABLE_READ
*/
int ISOLATION_REPEATABLE_READ = Connection.TRANSACTION_REPEATABLE_READ;
/**
* Indicates that dirty reads, non-repeatable reads and phantom reads
* are prevented.
* <p>This level includes the prohibitions in {@link #ISOLATION_REPEATABLE_READ}
* and further prohibits the situation where one transaction reads all rows that
* satisfy a {@code WHERE} condition, a second transaction inserts a row
* that satisfies that {@code WHERE} condition, and the first transaction
* re-reads for the same condition, retrieving the additional "phantom" row
* in the second read.
* @see java.sql.Connection#TRANSACTION_SERIALIZABLE
*/
int ISOLATION_SERIALIZABLE = Connection.TRANSACTION_SERIALIZABLE;
/**
* Use the default timeout of the underlying transaction system,
* or none if timeouts are not supported.
*/
int TIMEOUT_DEFAULT = -1;
/**
* Return the propagation behavior.
* <p>Must return one of the {@code PROPAGATION_XXX} constants
* defined on {@link TransactionDefinition this interface}.
* @return the propagation behavior
* @see #PROPAGATION_REQUIRED
* @see org.springframework.transaction.support.TransactionSynchronizationManager#isActualTransactionActive()
*/
int getPropagationBehavior();
/**
* Return the isolation level.
* <p>Must return one of the {@code ISOLATION_XXX} constants
* defined on {@link TransactionDefinition this interface}.
* <p>Only makes sense in combination with {@link #PROPAGATION_REQUIRED}
* or {@link #PROPAGATION_REQUIRES_NEW}.
* <p>Note that a transaction manager that does not support custom isolation levels
* will throw an exception when given any other level than {@link #ISOLATION_DEFAULT}.
* @return the isolation level
*/
int getIsolationLevel();
/**
* Return the transaction timeout.
* <p>Must return a number of seconds, or {@link #TIMEOUT_DEFAULT}.
* <p>Only makes sense in combination with {@link #PROPAGATION_REQUIRED}
* or {@link #PROPAGATION_REQUIRES_NEW}.
* <p>Note that a transaction manager that does not support timeouts will throw
* an exception when given any other timeout than {@link #TIMEOUT_DEFAULT}.
* @return the transaction timeout
*/
int getTimeout();
/**
* Return whether to optimize as a read-only transaction.
* <p>The read-only flag applies to any transaction context, whether
* backed by an actual resource transaction
* ({@link #PROPAGATION_REQUIRED}/{@link #PROPAGATION_REQUIRES_NEW}) or
* operating non-transactionally at the resource level
* ({@link #PROPAGATION_SUPPORTS}). In the latter case, the flag will
* only apply to managed resources within the application, such as a
* Hibernate {@code Session}.
<< * <p>This just serves as a hint for the actual transaction subsystem;
* it will <i>not necessarily</i> cause failure of write access attempts.
* A transaction manager which cannot interpret the read-only hint will
* <i>not</i> throw an exception when asked for a read-only transaction.
* @return {@code true} if the transaction is to be optimized as read-only
* @see org.springframework.transaction.support.TransactionSynchronization#beforeCommit(boolean)
* @see org.springframework.transaction.support.TransactionSynchronizationManager#isCurrentTransactionReadOnly()
*/
boolean isReadOnly();
/**
* Return the name of this transaction. Can be {@code null}.
* <p>This will be used as the transaction name to be shown in a
* transaction monitor, if applicable (for example, WebLogic's).
* <p>In case of Spring's declarative transactions, the exposed name will be
* the {@code fully-qualified class name + "." + method name} (by default).
* @return the name of this transaction
* @see org.springframework.transaction.interceptor.TransactionAspectSupport
* @see org.springframework.transaction.support.TransactionSynchronizationManager#getCurrentTransactionName()
*/
String getName();
}
PROPAGATION_REQUIRES_NEW ：
啟動一個新的, 不依賴於環境的 “內部” 事務.
這個事務將被完全 commited 或 rolled back 而不依賴於外部事務, 它擁有自己的隔離范圍, 自己的鎖, 等等. 當內部事務開始執行時, 外部事務將被掛起, 內務事務結束時, 外部事務將繼續執行.
PROPAGATION_NESTED ：
如果外部事務 commit, 嵌套事務也會被 commit；
如果外部事務 roll back, 嵌套事務也會被 roll back 。
開始一個 “嵌套的” 事務, 它是已經存在事務的一個真正的子事務. 嵌套事務開始執行時, 它將取得一個 savepoint. 如果這個嵌套事務失敗, 我們將回滾到此 savepoint. 嵌套事務是外部事務的一部分, 隻有外部事務結束後它才會被提交.
代碼例子：
@Transactional(propagation=Propagation.NESTED)
@Transactional(propagation=Propagation.PROPAGATION_REQUIRES_NEW)
ServiceA{
@Autowired
ServiceB serviceB;
@Transactional(propagation=Propagation.NESTED)
public void method1(){
serviceB.method2();
int i = 1/0;
}
}
ServiceB{
@Transactional(propagation=Propagation.NESTED)
public void method2(){
xxxxxx
}
}
因為method1使用 @Transactional(propagation=Propagation.NESTED)，當執行method1時，會拋出異常，method2()也會被回滾；
如果method2()用PROPAGATION_REQUIRES_NEW：
ServiceB{
@Transactional(propagation=Propagation.PROPAGATION_REQUIRES_NEW)
public void method2(){
xxxxxx
}
}
那麼method2不會因為method1拋出異常而回滾。
不管是什麼類型的嵌套事務，一個線程隻有一個事務，線程結束的時候才提交事務，包括嵌套事務，即使嵌套事務是REQUIRES_NEW，也不是嵌套事務的方法結束就提交事務的，一定是等到外部事務方法結束，整個線程結束才一起提交的。
在相同線程中進行相互嵌套調用的事務方法工作於相同的事務中。如果這些相互嵌套調用的方法工作在不同的線程中，則不同線程下的事務方法工作在獨立的事務中。
而鎖存在於事務裡，鎖的生命周期也是一個線程，在一個線程裡可多次取得同一個鎖。
如果事務加在外部方法A，在內部方法裡面有synchronized代碼塊B，那麼當B執行完時，事務還未提交，其他線程進入synchronized代碼塊B後，讀取的庫存數據不是最新的。
以上就是本文的全部內容，希望對大傢的學習有所幫助，也希望大傢多多支持WalkonNet。
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