Java23種設計模式中的單例模式你瞭解嗎
1、定義
單例模式(Singleton Pattern)是指確保一個類在任何情況下都絕對隻有一個實例,並提供一個全局訪問點。
隱藏其所有的構造方法。
屬於創建型模式。
2、適用場景
確保任何情況下都絕對隻有一個實例。
3、常見寫法
第一種:餓漢式單例:在單例類首次加載時就創建實例
/** * @Package: com.hzg.study.design.pattern.singleton.hungry * @Description: 餓漢式單例 * @Author: HuangZhiGao * @CreateDate: 2022-02-18 16:15 */ public class HungrySingleton { private static final HungrySingleton INSTANCE = new HungrySingleton(); /** * 私有化構造器 */ private HungrySingleton() { } /** * 全局訪問點 */ public static HungrySingleton getInstance() { return INSTANCE; } }
餓漢式單例靜態代碼塊寫法:
/** * @Package: com.hzg.study.design.pattern.singleton.hungry * @Description: 餓漢式單例(靜態代碼塊初始化) * @Author: HuangZhiGao * @CreateDate: 2022-02-18 16:15 */ public class HungryStaticSingleton { private static final HungryStaticSingleton INSTANCE; /** * 靜態代碼塊 */ static { INSTANCE = new HungryStaticSingleton(); } /** * 私有化構造器 */ private HungryStaticSingleton() { } /** * 全局訪問點 */ public static HungryStaticSingleton getInstance() { return INSTANCE; } }
第二種:懶漢式單例:被外部類調用時才創建實例
/** * @Package: com.hzg.study.design.pattern.singleton.lazy * @Description: 懶漢式單例 * @Author: HuangZhiGao * @CreateDate: 2022-02-18 16:24 */ public class LazySingleton { private static LazySingleton INSTANCE = null; /** * 私有化構造器 */ private LazySingleton() { } /** * 全局訪問點 */ public static LazySingleton getInstance() { if (INSTANCE == null) { INSTANCE = new LazySingleton(); } return INSTANCE; } }
懶漢式單例靜態匿名內部類寫法(性能最優):
/** * @Package: com.hzg.study.design.pattern.singleton.lazy * @Description: 懶漢式單例(匿名靜態內部類)(性能最優) * @Author: HuangZhiGao * @CreateDate: 2022-02-18 18:00 */ public class LazyInnerClazzSingleton implements Serializable { /** * 私有化構造器 */ private LazyInnerClazzSingleton() { } /** * 全局訪問點 */ public static final LazyInnerClazzSingleton getInstance() { return LazyHolder.INSTANCE; } private static class LazyHolder { private static final LazyInnerClazzSingleton INSTANCE = new LazyInnerClazzSingleton(); } }
第三種:註冊式單例:將每一個實例都緩存到統一的容器中,使用唯一標識獲取實例
註冊式單例枚舉寫法:
/** * @Package: com.hzg.study.design.pattern.singleton.registry * @Description: 註冊式單例-枚舉單例 * @Author: HuangZhiGao * @CreateDate: 2022-02-21 10:24 */ public enum EnumSingleton { INSTANCE; /** * 如果需要讓其他對象成為單例,隻需要將data改為目標類對象即可 * <p/> * 通過getter和setter操作 */ private Object data; public Object getData() { return data; } public void setData(Object data) { this.data = data; } public static EnumSingleton getInstance() { return INSTANCE; } }
Spring中常見的註冊式單例寫法:
/** * @Package: com.hzg.study.design.pattern.singleton.registry * @Description: Spring中常見的註冊式單例寫法 * @Author: HuangZhiGao * @CreateDate: 2022-02-21 10:54 */ public class ContainerSingleton { /** * spring ioc */ private static Map<String, Object> container = new ConcurrentHashMap<>(); private ContainerSingleton() { } public static Object getBean(String clazzName) { // 加synchronized代碼塊保證線程安全 synchronized (container) { if (!container.containsKey(clazzName)) { Object object = null; try { object = Class.forName(clazzName).newInstance(); container.put(clazzName, object); } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } return object; } return container.get(clazzName); } } }
第四種:ThreadLocal線程單例:保證線程內部的全局唯一,且天生線程安全
/** * @Package: com.hzg.study.design.pattern.singleton.threadlocal * @Description: ThreadLocal線程單例(偽安全) * @Description: 可以使用ThreadLocal動態切換數據源 * @Author: HuangZhiGao * @CreateDate: 2022-02-21 11:10 */ public class ThreadLocalSingleton { public static final ThreadLocal<ThreadLocalSingleton> THREAD_LOCAL = new ThreadLocal<ThreadLocalSingleton>() { @Override protected ThreadLocalSingleton initialValue() { return new ThreadLocalSingleton(); } }; private ThreadLocalSingleton() { } public static ThreadLocalSingleton getInstance() { return THREAD_LOCAL.get(); } }
4、如何防止單例被破壞
1.多線程破壞單例以及解決方法
以懶漢式單例LazySingleton為例:
首先寫一個線程實現類,如下:
import com.hzg.study.design.pattern.singleton.lazy.LazySingleton; /** * @Package: com.hzg.study.design.pattern.singleton.lazy.test * @Description: * @Author: HuangZhiGao * @CreateDate: 2022-02-18 16:32 */ public class ExecutorThread implements Runnable { @Override public void run() { LazySingleton instance = LazySingleton.getInstance(); System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + ":" + instance); } }
main方法測試:
public class LazySingletonTest { public static void main(String[] args) { Thread thread1 = new Thread(new ExecutorThread()); thread1.start(); Thread thread2 = new Thread(new ExecutorThread()); thread2.start(); System.out.println("----------------------------------------"); } }
測試結果:顯然出現瞭兩個不同的實例
解決方法1:加synchronized關鍵字修飾getInstance方法
public class LazySingleton { private static LazySingleton INSTANCE = null; /** * 私有化構造器 */ private LazySingleton() { } /** * 全局訪問點 * <p/> * synchronized關鍵字修飾方法 */ public static synchronized LazySingleton getInstance() { if (INSTANCE == null) { INSTANCE = new LazySingleton(); } return INSTANCE; } }
解決方法2:雙重檢查鎖DoubleCheck
/** * @Package: com.hzg.study.design.pattern.singleton.lazy * @Description: 懶漢式單例(雙重檢查鎖) * @Author: HuangZhiGao * @CreateDate: 2022-02-18 17:08 */ public class LazyDoubleCheckSingleton { /** * volatile關鍵字修飾,避免指令重排序引發問題 */ private volatile static LazyDoubleCheckSingleton INSTANCE = null; /** * 私有化構造器 */ private LazyDoubleCheckSingleton() { } /** * 全局訪問點 * <p/> * 雙重檢查鎖 */ public static LazyDoubleCheckSingleton getInstance() { if (INSTANCE == null) { synchronized (LazyDoubleCheckSingleton.class) { if (INSTANCE == null) { INSTANCE = new LazyDoubleCheckSingleton(); } } } return INSTANCE; } }
2.反射破壞單例以及解決方法
以懶漢式單例靜態匿名內部類寫法LazyInnerClazzSingleton為例:
main方法測試:
public class LazyInnerClazzSingletonTest { public static void main(String[] args) { try { Class<LazyInnerClazzSingleton> aClazz = LazyInnerClazzSingleton.class; Constructor<LazyInnerClazzSingleton> declaredConstructor = aClazz.getDeclaredConstructor(null); declaredConstructor.setAccessible(true); LazyInnerClazzSingleton instance1 = declaredConstructor.newInstance(); LazyInnerClazzSingleton instance2 = LazyInnerClazzSingleton.getInstance(); System.out.println(instance1); System.out.println(instance2); System.out.println(instance1 == instance2); } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } }
測試結果:構建瞭兩個不同的實例
解決方法:在構造器中增加如下if判斷
public class LazyInnerClazzSingleton implements Serializable { /** * 私有化構造器 */ private LazyInnerClazzSingleton() { if (null != LazyHolder.INSTANCE) { throw new RuntimeException("不允許構建多個實例"); } } /** * 全局訪問點 */ public static final LazyInnerClazzSingleton getInstance() { return LazyHolder.INSTANCE; } private static class LazyHolder { private static final LazyInnerClazzSingleton INSTANCE = new LazyInnerClazzSingleton(); } }
再次測試:
3.序列化破壞單例以及解決方法
以懶漢式單例靜態匿名內部類寫法LazyInnerClazzSingleton為例:註意必須先實現序列化接口Serializable
main方法測試:
public static void main(String[] args) { LazyInnerClazzSingleton instance1 = LazyInnerClazzSingleton.getInstance(); LazyInnerClazzSingleton instance2 = null; try ( FileOutputStream fileOutputStream = new FileOutputStream("LazyInnerClazzSingleton.obj"); ObjectOutputStream objectOutputStream = new ObjectOutputStream(fileOutputStream); FileInputStream fileInputStream = new FileInputStream("LazyInnerClazzSingleton.obj"); ObjectInputStream objectInputStream = new ObjectInputStream(fileInputStream); ) { // 序列化 objectOutputStream.writeObject(instance1); objectOutputStream.flush(); // 反序列化 instance2 = (LazyInnerClazzSingleton) objectInputStream.readObject(); System.out.println(instance1); System.out.println(instance2); System.out.println(instance1 == instance2); } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } }
測試結果:構建瞭兩個不同的實例
解決方法:新增readResolve方法
public class LazyInnerClazzSingleton implements Serializable { /** * 私有化構造器 */ private LazyInnerClazzSingleton() { if (null != LazyHolder.INSTANCE) { throw new RuntimeException("不允許構建多個實例"); } } /** * 全局訪問點 */ public static final LazyInnerClazzSingleton getInstance() { return LazyHolder.INSTANCE; } private static class LazyHolder { private static final LazyInnerClazzSingleton INSTANCE = new LazyInnerClazzSingleton(); } /** * 重寫readResolve方法,實際還是創建瞭兩次,隻不過是覆蓋瞭反序列化出來的對象,之前反序列化出來的對象會被GC回收 * 發生在JVM層面,相對來說比較安全 */ private Object readResolve() { return LazyHolder.INSTANCE; } }
5、優缺點
優點:
在內存中隻有一個實例,減少瞭內存開銷。
可以避免對資源的多重占用。
設置全局訪問點,嚴格控制訪問。
缺點:
沒有接口,擴展困難。
如果要擴展單例對象,隻有修改代碼,沒有其他途徑。
不符合開閉原則
6、總結
1、私有化構造器
2、保證線程安全
3、延遲加載
4、防止序列化和反序列化破壞單例
5、防禦反射攻擊單例
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