python使用期物處理並發教程

import os
import time
import sys
import requests
POP20_CC = ('CN IN US ID BR PK NG BD RU JP ' 'MX PH VN ET EG DE IR TR CD FR').split()
BASE_URL = 'http://flupy.org/data/flags'
DEST_DIR = './'
def save_flag(img, filename):  # 保存圖像
    path = os.path.join(DEST_DIR, filename)
    with open(path, 'wb') as fp:
        fp.write(img)
def get_flag(cc):  # 獲取圖像
    url = '{}/{cc}/{cc}.gif'.format(BASE_URL, cc=cc.lower())
    resp = requests.get(url)
    return resp.content
def show(text):  # 打印信息
    print(text, end=' ')
    sys.stdout.flush()
def download_many(cc_list):
    for cc in sorted(cc_list):
        image = get_flag(cc)  # 獲取
        show(cc)  # 打印
        save_flag(image, cc.lower() + '.gif')  # 保存
    return len(cc_list)
def main(download_many):
    t0 = time.time()
    count = download_many(POP20_CC)
    elapsed = time.time() - t0
    msg = '\n{} flags downloaded in {:.2f}s'
    print(msg.format(count, elapsed))  # 計時信息
# ----使用 futures.ThreadPoolExecutor 類實現多線程下載
from concurrent import futures
MAX_WORKERS = 20  # 最多使用幾個線程
def download_one(cc):
    image = get_flag(cc)
    show(cc)
    save_flag(image, cc.lower() + '.gif')
    return cc
def download_many_1(cc_list):
    workers = min(MAX_WORKERS, len(cc_list))
    with futures.ThreadPoolExecutor(workers) as executor:
        #  使用工作的線程數實例化 ThreadPoolExecutor 類；
        #  executor.__exit__ 方法會調用 executor.shutdown(wait=True) 方法，
        #  它會在所有線程都執行完畢 前阻塞線程
        res = executor.map(download_one, sorted(cc_list))
        # download_one 函數 會在多個線程中並發調用；
        # map 方法返回一個生成器，因此可以迭代， 獲取各個函數返回的值
    return len(list(res))
if __name__ == '__main__':
    # main(download_many) # 24 秒
    main(download_many_1)  # 3 秒

def download_many_2(cc_list):
    cc_list = cc_list[:5]
    with futures.ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=3) as executor:
        to_do = []
        for cc in sorted(cc_list):
            future = executor.submit(download_one, cc)
            # executor.submit 方法排定可調用對象的執行時間，
            # 然後返回一個 期物，表示這個待執行的操作
            to_do.append(future) # 存儲各個期物
            msg = 'Scheduled for {}: {}'
            print(msg.format(cc, future))
        results = []
        for future in futures.as_completed(to_do):
            # as_completed 函數在期物運行結束後產出期物
            res = future.result() # 獲取期物的結果
            msg = '{} result: {!r}'
            print(msg.format(future, res))
            results.append(res)
    return len(results)

輸出：
Scheduled for BR: <Future at 0x22da99d2d30 state=running>
Scheduled for CN: <Future at 0x22da99e1040 state=running>
Scheduled for ID: <Future at 0x22da99e1b20 state=running>
Scheduled for IN: <Future at 0x22da99ec520 state=pending>
Scheduled for US: <Future at 0x22da99ecd00 state=pending>
CN <Future at 0x22da99e1040 state=finished returned str> result: 'CN'
BR <Future at 0x22da99d2d30 state=finished returned str> result: 'BR'
ID <Future at 0x22da99e1b20 state=finished returned str> result: 'ID'
IN <Future at 0x22da99ec520 state=finished returned str> result: 'IN'
US <Future at 0x22da99ecd00 state=finished returned str> result: 'US'
5 flags downloaded in 3.20s