Java服務調用RestTemplate與HttpClient的使用詳解
概述
常見的遠程調用方式有以下2種:
- RPC: Remote Produce Call遠程過程調用,類似的還有RMI(remote method invoke)。自定義數據格式,基於原生TCP通信,速度快,效率高。早期的webservice,現在熱門的dubbo,都是RPC的典型代表。
- Http: http其實是一種網絡傳輸協議,基於TCP,規定瞭數據傳輸的格式。 現在客戶端瀏覽器與服務端通信基本都是采用Http協議,也可以用來進行遠程服務調用。缺點是消息封裝臃腫,優勢是對服務的提供和調用方沒有任何技術限定,自由靈活,更符合微服務理念。現在熱門的Rest風格,就可以通過http協議來實現。
如果項目全部采用 Java技術棧,那麼使用Dubbo作為微服務架構是一個不錯的選擇。
如果項目的技術棧多樣化,主要采用瞭Spring和SpringBoot框架,那麼SpringCloud搭建微服務是不二之選,使用Http方式來實現服務間調用。
java開發中,使用http連接,訪問第三方網絡接口,通常使用的連接工具為RestTemplate、HttpClient和OKHttp。
RestTemplate
概述及依賴
HttpClient和OKHttp兩種連接工具,使用起來比較復雜,如果使用spring框架,可以使用restTemplate來進行http連接請求。
restTemplate默認的連接方式是java中的HttpConnection,可以使用ClientHttpRequestFactory指定不同的HTTP連接方式。
依賴
<dependency> <groupId>org.springframework</groupId> <artifactId>spring-web</artifactId> <version>5.2.2.RELEASE</version> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.apache.httpcomponents</groupId> <artifactId>httpclient</artifactId> <version>4.5.7</version> </dependency>
配置類
基礎配置
@Configuration public class RestTemplateConfig { @Bean public RestTemplate restTemplate(ClientHttpRequestFactory factory) { return new RestTemplate(factory); } @Bean public ClientHttpRequestFactory simpleClientHttpRequestFactory() { SimpleClientHttpRequestFactory factory = new SimpleClientHttpRequestFactory(); factory.setReadTimeout(150 * 1000); // ms factory.setConnectTimeout(150 * 1000); // ms return factory; } }
進階配置
import org.apache.http.client.HttpClient; import org.apache.http.conn.HttpClientConnectionManager; import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClientBuilder; import org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager; import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean; import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration; import org.springframework.http.client.ClientHttpRequestFactory; import org.springframework.http.client.HttpComponentsClientHttpRequestFactory; import org.springframework.web.client.RestTemplate; @Configuration public class RestTemplateConfig { /** * http連接管理器 */ @Bean public HttpClientConnectionManager poolingHttpClientConnectionManager() { /*// 註冊http和https請求 Registry<ConnectionSocketFactory> registry = RegistryBuilder.<ConnectionSocketFactory>create() .register("http", PlainConnectionSocketFactory.getSocketFactory()) .register("https", SSLConnectionSocketFactory.getSocketFactory()) .build(); PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager poolingHttpClientConnectionManager = new PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager(registry);*/ PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager poolingHttpClientConnectionManager = new PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager(); // 最大連接數 poolingHttpClientConnectionManager.setMaxTotal(500); // 同路由並發數(每個主機的並發) poolingHttpClientConnectionManager.setDefaultMaxPerRoute(100); return poolingHttpClientConnectionManager; } /** * HttpClient * @param poolingHttpClientConnectionManager */ @Bean public HttpClient httpClient(HttpClientConnectionManager poolingHttpClientConnectionManager) { HttpClientBuilder httpClientBuilder = HttpClientBuilder.create(); // 設置http連接管理器 httpClientBuilder.setConnectionManager(poolingHttpClientConnectionManager); /*// 設置重試次數,默認是3次,沒有開啟 httpClientBuilder.setRetryHandler(new DefaultHttpRequestRetryHandler(3, true));*/ // 設置默認請求頭 /*List<Header> headers = new ArrayList<>(); headers.add(new BasicHeader("User-Agent", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/31.0.1650.16 Safari/537.36")); headers.add(new BasicHeader("Accept-Encoding", "gzip,deflate")); headers.add(new BasicHeader("Accept-Language", "zh-CN")); headers.add(new BasicHeader("Connection", "Keep-Alive")); headers.add(new BasicHeader("Content-type", "application/json;charset=UTF-8")); httpClientBuilder.setDefaultHeaders(headers);*/ return httpClientBuilder.build(); } /** * 請求連接池配置 * @param httpClient */ @Bean public ClientHttpRequestFactory clientHttpRequestFactory(HttpClient httpClient) { HttpComponentsClientHttpRequestFactory clientHttpRequestFactory = new HttpComponentsClientHttpRequestFactory(); // httpClient創建器 clientHttpRequestFactory.setHttpClient(httpClient); // 連接超時時間/毫秒(連接上服務器(握手成功)的時間,超出拋出connect timeout) clientHttpRequestFactory.setConnectTimeout(5 * 1000); // 數據讀取超時時間(socketTimeout)/毫秒(服務器返回數據(response)的時間,超過拋出read timeout) clientHttpRequestFactory.setReadTimeout(10 * 1000); // 從連接池獲取請求連接的超時時間,不宜過長,必須設置/毫秒(超時間未拿到可用連接,會拋出org.apache.http.conn.ConnectionPoolTimeoutException: Timeout waiting for connection from pool) clientHttpRequestFactory.setConnectionRequestTimeout(10 * 1000); return clientHttpRequestFactory; } /** * rest模板 */ @Bean public RestTemplate restTemplate(ClientHttpRequestFactory clientHttpRequestFactory) { // 配置請求工廠 return new RestTemplate(clientHttpRequestFactory); } }
使用
實體類
@Data @Builder @NoArgsConstrutor @AllArgsConstrutor public class BaseResponse<TempUser> implements Serializable { private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L; private String responseCode; private String responseMessage; private List<TempUser> responseData; }
@Data @Builder @NoArgsConstrutor @AllArgsConstrutor public class TempUser implements Serializable { private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L; private String userName; private Integer age; }
GET請求
普通訪問
BaseResponse result = restTemplate.getForObject( "http://localhost:8080/cs-admin/rest/getUser?userName=張三&age=18", BaseResponse.class);
返回HTTP狀態
ResponseEntity<BaseResponse> responseEntity = restTemplate.getForEntity( "http://localhost:8080/cs-admin/rest/getUser?userName=張三&age=18", TempUser.class); // 獲取狀態對象 HttpStatus httpStatus = responseEntity.getStatusCode(); // 獲取狀態碼 int statusCodeValue = responseEntity.getStatusCodeValue(); // 獲取headers HttpHeaders httpHeaders = responseEntity.getHeaders(); // 獲取body BaseResponse result = responseEntity.getBody();
映射請求參數
Map<String, Object> paramMap = new HashMap<>(); paramMap.put("userName", "張三"); paramMap.put("age", 18); BaseResponse result = restTemplate.getForObject( "http://localhost:8080/cs-admin/rest/getUser?userName={userName}&age={age}", BaseResponse.class, paramMap);
POST請求
普通訪問接口
TempUser param = new TempUser(); param.setUserName("張三"); param.setAge(18); BaseResponse result = restTemplate.postForObject("http://localhost:8080/cs-admin/rest/getPostUser", param, BaseResponse.class);
帶HEAD訪問接口
// 請求頭信息 HttpHeaders headers = new HttpHeaders(); //headers.setContentType(MediaType.valueOf("application/json;charset=UTF-8")); headers.setContentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON_UTF8); //headers.add("headParam1", "headParamValue"); // 請求體內容 TempUser param = new TempUser(); param.setUserName("張三"); param.setAge(18); // 組裝請求信息 HttpEntity<TempUser> httpEntity=new HttpEntity<>(param, headers); BaseResponse result = restTemplate.postForObject("http://localhost:8080/cs-admin/rest/getPostUser", httpEntity, BaseResponse.class);
無請求體的訪問:僅method為post,傳參方式仍然為get的param方式
Map<String, Object> paramMap = new HashMap<>(); paramMap.put("userName", "張三"); paramMap.put("age", 18); BaseResponse result = restTemplate.postForObject( "http://localhost:8080/cs-admin/rest/getPostUserNoBody?userName={userName}&age={age}", null, BaseResponse.class, paramMap); System.out.println(result);
上傳文件
後臺接口代碼:
@RequestMapping("uploadFile") public TempUser uploadFile(HttpServletRequest request, TempUser form) { MultipartHttpServletRequest multipartHttpServletRequest = (MultipartHttpServletRequest) request; //獲取文件信息 MultipartFile multipartFile = multipartHttpServletRequest.getFile("file"); TempUser tempUser = new TempUser(); if (multipartFile != null) { tempUser.setUserName(form.getUserName() + " " + multipartFile.getOriginalFilename()); } if(form!=null){ tempUser.setAge(form.getAge()); } return tempUser; }
訪問方式:
// 文件 FileSystemResource file=new FileSystemResource("D:\\Elasticsearch權威指南(中文版).pdf"); // 設置請求內容 MultiValueMap<String, Object> param=new LinkedMultiValueMap<>(); param.add("file", file); // 其他參數 param.add("userName", "張三"); param.add("age", 18); // 組裝請求信息 HttpEntity<MultiValueMap<String, Object>> httpEntity=new HttpEntity<>(param); // 發送請求 TempUser result = restTemplate.postForObject("http://localhost:8080/cs-admin/rest/uploadFile", httpEntity, TempUser.class);
HttpClient
概述
HttpClient 通過連接池創建連接:
- 管理連接的基本單位是Route(路由),每個路由上都會維護一定數量的HTTP連接
- 每次調用後必須執行 releaseConnection
- 路由可以理解為客戶端機器到目標機器的一條線路
- 如果不給 httpclient配置指定的連接管理器,httpclient會自動使用PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager作為連接管理器。
- PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager默認的maxConnPerRoute和maxConnTotal分別是是2和20。也就是對於每個服務器最多隻會維護2個連接,看起來有點少。所以,在日常使用時我們盡量使用自己配置的連接管理器比較好。
連接池:
- 連接池技術作為創建和管理連接的緩沖池技術。
- 連接池管理的對象是長連接
- 有長連接的優勢
**長連接:**是指客戶端與服務器端一旦建立連接以後,可以進行多次數據傳輸而不需重新建立連接,
優勢:
- 省去瞭每次數據傳輸連接建立的時間開銷
- 資源的訪問控制
**短連接:**每次數據傳輸都需要客戶端和服務器端建立一次連接
使用
使用HttpClient
發送請求、接收響應很簡單,一般需要如下幾步即可:
- 創建
HttpClient
對象 - 創建請求方法的實例,並指定請求
URL
。如果需要發送GET
請求,創建HttpGet
對象;如果需要發送POST
請求,創建HttpPost
對象。 - 如果需要發送請求參數,可調用
HttpGet、HttpPost
共同的setParams(HetpParams params)
方法來添加請求參數;對於HttpPost
對象而言,也可調用setEntity(HttpEntity entity)
方法來設置請求參數,參數則必須用NameValuePair[]
數組存儲 - 調用
HttpClient
對象的execute(HttpUriRequest request)
發送請求,該方法返回一個HttpResponse
- 調用
HttpResponse的getAllHeaders()
、getHeaders(String name)
等方法可獲取服務器的響應頭;調用HttpResponse
的getEntity()
方法可獲取HttpEntity
對象,該對象包裝瞭服務器的響應內容。程序可通過該對象獲取服務器的響應內容 - 釋放連接。無論執行方法是否成功,都必須釋放連接
依賴:
<dependency> <groupId>org.apache.httpcomponents</groupId> <artifactId>httpclient</artifactId> <version>4.5.2</version> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.apache.httpcomponents</groupId> <artifactId>httpclient-cache</artifactId> <version>4.5.2</version> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.apache.httpcomponents</groupId> <artifactId>httpmime</artifactId> <version>4.5.2</version> </dependency>
java工具類
import com.alibaba.fastjson.JSON; import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j; import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils; import org.apache.http.Consts; import org.apache.http.HttpResponse; import org.apache.http.NameValuePair; import org.apache.http.client.HttpClient; import org.apache.http.client.config.RequestConfig; import org.apache.http.client.entity.UrlEncodedFormEntity; import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet; import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpPost; import org.apache.http.entity.StringEntity; import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients; import org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager; import org.apache.http.message.BasicNameValuePair; import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils; import org.slf4j.Logger; import java.net.URI; import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets; import java.util.ArrayList; import java.util.List; import java.util.Map; /** * HttpClient 工具類 */ @Slf4j public class HttpClientUtil { public static final String APPLICATION_JSON_VALUE = "application/json"; private static final Logger logger = log; private static final Integer CONN_TIME_OUT = 3000;// 超時時間豪秒 private static final Integer SOCKET_TIME_OUT = 10000; /** 每個路由的最大請求數,默認2 */ private static final Integer DEFAULT_MAX_PER_ROUTE = 40; /** 最大連接數,默認20 */ private static final Integer MAX_TOTAL = 400; private static HttpClient httpClient; static { // 請求配置 RequestConfig requestConfig = RequestConfig.custom() .setConnectTimeout(CONN_TIME_OUT) .setConnectionRequestTimeout(CONN_TIME_OUT) .setSocketTimeout(SOCKET_TIME_OUT) .build(); // 管理 http連接池 PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager cm = new PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager(); cm.setDefaultMaxPerRoute(DEFAULT_MAX_PER_ROUTE); cm.setMaxTotal(MAX_TOTAL); httpClient = HttpClients.custom() .setConnectionManager(cm) .setDefaultRequestConfig(requestConfig) .build(); } /** * Get請求 */ public static String requestGet(String url, Map<String, String> paramsMap) throws Exception { logger.info("GET request url:{} params:{}", url, paramsMap); Long start = System.currentTimeMillis(); List<NameValuePair> params = initParams(paramsMap); // Get請求 HttpGet httpGet = new HttpGet(url); try { // 設置參數 String str = EntityUtils.toString(new UrlEncodedFormEntity(params, StandardCharsets.UTF_8)); String uriStr = StringUtils.isEmpty(str) ? httpGet.getURI().toString() : httpGet.getURI().toString() + "?" + str; httpGet.setURI(new URI(uriStr)); // 發送請求 HttpResponse response = httpClient.execute(httpGet); logger.info("GET request url:{} response:{} time:{}", url, response, System.currentTimeMillis() - start); // 獲取返回數據 return getSuccessRetFromResp(response, url, JSON.toJSONString(paramsMap)); } finally { // 必須釋放連接,不然連接用完後會阻塞 httpGet.releaseConnection(); } } /** * Post請求,Map格式數據 */ public static String requestPost(String url, Map<String, String> paramsMap) throws Exception { logger.info("POST request url:{} params:{}", url, paramsMap); Long start = System.currentTimeMillis(); List<NameValuePair> params = initParams(paramsMap); HttpPost httpPost = new HttpPost(url); try { httpPost.setEntity(new UrlEncodedFormEntity(params, Consts.UTF_8)); HttpResponse response = httpClient.execute(httpPost); logger.info("POST request url:{} response:{} time:{}", url, response, System.currentTimeMillis() - start); String retStr = getSuccessRetFromResp(response, url, JSON.toJSONString(paramsMap)); return retStr; } finally { httpPost.releaseConnection(); } } /** * Post請求,json格式數據 * */ public static String requestPostJsonStr(String url, String json) throws Exception { logger.info("POST request url:{} params:{}", url, json); long start = System.currentTimeMillis(); HttpPost httpPost = new HttpPost(url); try { StringEntity entity = new StringEntity(json, Consts.UTF_8); entity.setContentType(APPLICATION_JSON_VALUE); httpPost.setEntity(entity); HttpResponse response = httpClient.execute(httpPost); logger.info("POST request url:{} response:{} time:{}", url, response, System.currentTimeMillis() - start); return getSuccessRetFromResp(response, url, json); } finally { // 資源釋放 httpPost.releaseConnection(); } } /** * post Object格式數據 */ public static String requestPostJson(String url, Object obj) throws Exception { String params = JSON.toJSONString(obj); return requestPostJsonStr(url, params); } private static String getSuccessRetFromResp(HttpResponse response, String url, String params) throws Exception { String retStr = ""; // 檢驗狀態碼,如果成功接收數據 int code = response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode(); if (code == 200) { retStr = EntityUtils.toString(response.getEntity(), Consts.UTF_8); } else { throw new RuntimeException(String.format("Http request error:%s, url:%s, params:%s", response, url, params)); } logger.info("Http request retStr:{}. url:{}", retStr, url); return retStr; } private static List<NameValuePair> initParams(Map<String, String> paramsMap) { List<NameValuePair> params = new ArrayList<NameValuePair>(); if (paramsMap == null) return params; for (Map.Entry<String, String> entry : paramsMap.entrySet()) { params.add(new BasicNameValuePair(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue())); } return params; } }
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