Flask搭建api服務的實現步驟

Flask是一個使用 Python 編寫的輕量級 Web 應用框架,很適合個人開發,我們在此處做一個接口。

為方便調試,本文使用get接口方式。get接口十分簡單,不需要上傳任何數據,在路徑後面添加一個get方法就可以用,返回的是字符串。

本文隻是Flask開發的接口的初步文檔,從最簡單的接口開發到稍微復雜一些的接口,後續如有時間,會逐步完善,包括token鑒權、跨域認證、藍圖應用、日志管理等等。

9f93e13632d9b5a77f3ea76746b87714.png

第一步,首先在configs中配置數據源

configs.py

HOST = '127.0.0.1'
PORT = '5432'
DATABASE = 'runoobdb'
USERNAME = 'postgres'
PASSWORD = '*****'
# 配置主數據庫
DB_URI = "postgresql+psycopg2://{username}:{password}@{host}:{port}/{db}".format(username=USERNAME, password=PASSWORD,
                                                                                 host=HOST, port=PORT, db=DATABASE)
# SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI = 'postgresql+psycopg2://postgres:*****@127.0.0.1:5432/runoobdb'
# 連接其他數據庫
SQLALCHEMY_BINDS = {
    'xxxdb': 'postgresql+psycopg2://postgres:123456@localhost:5432/lincms3',
    'yyydb': 'postgresql+psycopg2://postgres:123456@localhost:5432/lincms4',
    'zzzdb': 'sqlite:///users.db'
}
SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI = DB_URI
SQLALCHEMY_TRACK_MODIFICATIONS = False
SQLALCHEMY_ECHO = True

第二步,在exts中定義全局db

exts.py

from flask_sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy
db = SQLAlchemy()

第三步,構造瞭一個flaskutils,在這裡定義一些接口應用到的公共類,比如數據轉碼,將數據集轉換為json,解析url逗號參數等等,後續將在此基礎上拓展功能。

flaskutils.py

import decimal
 
import numpy as np
import json, datetime,configparser
 
 
class DataEncoder(json.JSONEncoder):
    """數據轉碼類    """
    def default(self, obj):
        """針對無法轉json的數據類型進行轉碼
        目前支持的轉碼類型        1、將Numpy的intger,floating轉為int和float
        2、將Numpy的ndarray轉為list
        3、將np.datetime64轉化為字符串前10位        4、將datetime.datetime轉化為"%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"
        5、將datetime.date轉化為"%Y-%m-%d"
        6、將bytes轉化為utf-8字符串
        入參:
            obj: 數據對象
        出參:
            轉化後的數據
        異常:
            無        """
        if isinstance(obj, np.integer):
            return int(obj)
        elif isinstance(obj, np.floating):
            return float(obj)
        elif isinstance(obj, np.ndarray):
            return obj.tolist()
        elif isinstance(obj, np.datetime64):
            return str(obj)[:10]
        elif isinstance(obj, datetime.datetime):
            return obj.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
        elif isinstance(obj, datetime.date):
            return obj.strftime("%Y-%m-%d")
        elif isinstance(obj, decimal.Decimal):
            return float(obj)
        elif isinstance(obj, bytes):
            return str(obj, encoding='utf-8')
        else:
            return json.JSONEncoder.default(self, obj)
 
 
def getsqlresultjson(db, sql,params={}):
    """根據db和sql語句,將結果集轉換為json格式
    根據db和sql語句,將結果集轉換為json格式
    第一步:根據cursor獲取元數據,生成鍵值列表
    第二步:遍歷結果集,將鍵值列表和結果集組裝成字典,加入列表
    第三步:將列表通過DataEncoder進行轉碼
    入參:
        db: 數據庫實例.
        sql: 待運行的SQL語句
    出參:
        Json格式:
        舉例:        {'Serak': ('Rigel VII', 'Preparer'),
          'Zim': ('Irk', 'Invader'),
         'Lrrr': ('Omicron Persei 8', 'Emperor')}
    異常:
        無    """
    resultdict = []
 
    cursor = db.session.execute(sql,params=params).cursor
    resultproxy = db.session.execute(sql,params=params).fetchall()
 
    # 獲取元數據
    colname = [i[0] for i in cursor.description]
    # 獲取結果集,組成字典,加入列表
    for rowproxy in resultproxy:
        rowresult = dict(zip(colname, rowproxy))
        resultdict.append(rowresult)
 
    # 生成json格式
    jsonstr = json.dumps(resultdict, cls=DataEncoder)
    return jsonstr
 
 
def parasecommaparamtolist(param):
    '''
    處理in傳遞參數,in傳遞參數可適用於兩種傳遞方式,逗號傳遞參數或參數傳遞
    此處主要是處理,逗號傳遞參數,返回為list
    # http://127.0.0.1:5000/getresultbysqlgetparaminbylist?sqlid=sql10&begindate=2018&enddate=2020&kpicode=03010101
    # http://127.0.0.1:5000/getresultbysqlgetparaminbylist?sqlid=sql10&begindate=2018&enddate=2020&kpicode=03010101&kpicode=031111111
    # http://127.0.0.1:5000/getresultbysqlgetparaminbylist?sqlid=sql10&begindate=2018&enddate=2020
    # http://127.0.0.1:5000/getresultbysqlgetparaminbylist?sqlid=sql10&begindate=2018&enddate=2020&kpicode=03010101,222222222
    # http://127.0.0.1:5000/getresultbysqlgetparaminbylist?sqlid=sql10&begindate=2018&enddate=2020&kpicode=03010101&kpicode=03010101
    :param param:
    :return:
        字符串列表    '''
    result = []
    for val in param.split(','):
        if val:
            result.append(val)
    return result

第四步,在app文件構建初始版本

app.py

import configs
from exts import db
from flask import Flask
from flaskutils import *
from flask import request,jsonify
 
app = Flask(__name__)
 
# 加載配置文件
app.config.from_object(configs)
app.debug = True
 
db.init_app(app)
 
if __name__ == '__main__':
    print(app.url_map)
    app.run(host='0.0.0.0', port=8080)

第五步,在app文件中配置sql語句,原本想嘗試一下mybis類型的配置文件,後來決定簡化;主要包括三條sql,第一條不需要傳參,第二條傳遞常規參數,第三條傳遞in參數,尤其是in參數,基本上網上找到的方法都不可靠,本文算是原創吧。

sqldict={}
sqldict['sql1'] = """select a.*
from kpi_value a
where a.kpicode in ('01010101','02010101','03010101')
and a.datelevel='01'
and a.regionlevel='02'
"""
sqldict['sql2'] = """select a.*
from kpi_value a
where a.kpicode in ('01010101','02010101','03010101')
and a.datelevel='01'
and a.regionlevel='02'
and a.datecode>=:begindate and a.datecode<=:enddate
"""
sqldict['sql3'] = """select a.*
from kpi_value a
and a.datelevel='01'
and a.regionlevel='02'
and a.datecode>=:begindate and a.datecode<=:enddate
and a.kpicode in :kpicode
"""

1、構造第一個最簡單sql返回接口,不需要傳遞sql參數,但需要傳遞sqlid參數

@app.route('/getresultbysql', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
def index1():
    sqlid = request.args.get('sqlid')
    sqltext=sqldict[sqlid]
    jsonstr = getsqlresultjson(db,sqltext)
    return jsonstr, 200, {"Content-Type": "application/json"}

2、構造一個sql內部傳參的接口,通過字典參數方式

@app.route('/getresultbysqlparam', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
def index2():
    sqlid = request.args.get('sqlid')
    sqltext=sqldict[sqlid]
    params = {"begindate": '2017',"enddate":'2019'}
    jsonstr = getsqlresultjson(db,sqltext,params)
    return jsonstr, 200, {"Content-Type": "application/json"}

3、通過url進行sql參數的傳遞。

@app.route('/getresultbysqlgetparam', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
def index3():
    sqlid = request.args.get('sqlid')
    begindate = request.args.get('begindate')
    enddate = request.args.get('enddate')
    sqltext=sqldict[sqlid]
    params = {"begindate": begindate,"enddate":enddate}
    jsonstr = getsqlresultjson(db,sqltext,params)
    return jsonstr, 200, {"Content-Type": "application/json"}

4、通過url進行sql參數的傳遞,不過不傳遞in參數,而是在路由函數匯總內部指定in參數

@app.route('/getresultbysqlgetparamin', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
def index4():
    sqlid = request.args.get('sqlid')
    sqlid='sql3'
    begindate = request.args.get('begindate')
    enddate = request.args.get('enddate')
    sqltext=sqldict[sqlid]
    incond = ['01010101',  '03010101']
    params = {"begindate": begindate,"enddate":enddate,'kpicode':tuple(incond)}
    jsonstr = getsqlresultjson(db,sqltext,params)
    return jsonstr, 200, {"Content-Type": "application/json"}

5、通過url進行in參數和普通參數的傳遞,這裡可以支持兩種方式,一種是&aa=xxx&aa=yyy,一種是aa=xxx,yyy。

@app.route('/getresultbysqlgetparaminbylist', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
def index5():
    sqlid = request.args.get('sqlid')
    sqlid='sql3'
    begindate = request.args.get('begindate')
    enddate = request.args.get('enddate')
    incond=request.args.getlist('kpicode')
 
    if len(incond) == 1 and ',' in incond[0]:
        incond = parasecommaparamtolist(incond[0])
 
    sqltext=sqldict[sqlid]
    params = {"begindate": begindate,"enddate":enddate,'kpicode':tuple(incond)}
    jsonstr = getsqlresultjson(db,sqltext,params)
 
    return jsonstr, 200, {"Content-Type": "application/json"}

6、標準化接口響應返回結果。

@app.route('/getresultbysqlgetparaminbylistresponse', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
def index6():
 
    retinfo={}
    errorflag=False
    retinfo['returncode'] = 200
    retinfo['returndata'] = ''
    retinfo['returninfo'] = '處理成果'
    sqlid = request.args.get('sqlid')
    begindate = request.args.get('begindate')
    enddate = request.args.get('enddate')
    incond = request.args.getlist('kpicode')
 
    if len(incond) == 1 and ',' in incond[0]:
        incond = parasecommaparamtolist(incond[0])
    if not incond:
        retinfo['returninfo']=retinfo['returninfo'] +'未傳入KPI編碼'
        errorflag=True
    if not begindate:
        retinfo['returninfo'] = retinfo['returninfo'] + '未傳入開始時間'
        errorflag=True
    if not enddate:
        retinfo['returninfo'] = retinfo['returninfo'] + '未傳入結束時間'
        errorflag=True
    if begindate>enddate:
        retinfo['returninfo'] = retinfo['returninfo'] + '開始時間大於結束時間'
        errorflag=True
    if errorflag==True:
        retinfo['returncode'] = 400
        response = jsonify(retinfo)
        response.status_code = 400
        return response
 
    sqltext = sqldict[sqlid]
    params = {"begindate": begindate, "enddate": enddate, 'kpicode': tuple(incond)}
    jsonstr = getsqlresultjson(db, sqltext, params)
    retinfo['returndata']  = jsonstr
    response = jsonify(retinfo)
    response.status_code = 200
    return response

到此這篇關於Flask搭建api服務的實現步驟的文章就介紹到這瞭,更多相關Flask搭建api服務內容請搜索WalkonNet以前的文章或繼續瀏覽下面的相關文章希望大傢以後多多支持WalkonNet!

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