Python實現郵件自動下載的示例詳解

開始碼代碼之前,我們先來瞭解一下三種郵件服務協議:

1、SMTP協議

SMTP(Simple Mail Transfer Protocol),即簡單郵件傳輸協議。相當於中轉站,將郵件發送到客戶端。

2、POP3協議

POP3(Post Office Protocol 3),即郵局協議的第3個版本,是電子郵件的第一個離線協議標準。該協議把郵件下載到本地計算機,不與服務器同步,缺點是更易丟失郵件或多次下載相同的郵件。

3、IMAP協議

IMAP(Internet Mail Access Protocol),即交互式郵件存取協議。該協議連接遠程郵箱直接操作,與服務器內容同步。

然後介紹一下email包

這個包的中心組件是代表電子郵件消息的“對象模型”。 應用程序主要通過在 message 子模塊中定義的對象模型接口與這個包進行交互。 應用程序可以使用此 API 來詢問有關現有電子郵件的問題、構造新的電子郵件,或者添加或移除自身也使用相同對象模型接口的電子郵件子組件。 也就是說,遵循電子郵件消息及其 MIME 子組件的性質,電子郵件對象模型是所有提供 EmailMessage API 的對象所構成的樹狀結構。

接下來我們通過具體的代碼實現一個登錄郵箱客戶端,下載郵件,解析郵件附件內容的功能。

首先我們需要定義一個郵件解析的類,該類需要三個變量:

1、郵箱所屬的imap服務地址;

2、郵箱賬號;

3、郵箱密碼【註:不同郵箱需要不同的安全策略,例如qq郵箱需要短信驗證,獲取登錄授權碼,而不是明文密碼去登錄遠程客戶端】

class Email_parse:

    def __init__(self,remote_server_url,email_url,password):
    	# imap服務地址
        self.remote_server_url = remote_server_url
        # 郵箱賬號
        self.email_url = email_url
        # 郵箱密碼
        self.password = password

然後定義類中入口函數,登錄遠程,默認獲取第一頁所有的郵件。我們獲取郵件的主題,並打印出來【不同郵件主題的編碼可能不同,二進制需要轉碼才能正確顯示】

    def main_parse_Email(self):
        """入口函數,登錄imap服務"""
        server = imaplib.IMAP4_SSL(self.remote_server_url, 993)
        server.login(self.email_url, self.password)
        server.select('INBOX')
        status,data = server.search(None,"ALL")
        if status != 'OK':
            raise Exception('read email error')
        emailids = data[0].split()
        mail_counts = len(emailids)
        print("count:",mail_counts)
        # 郵件的遍歷是按時間從後往前,這裡我們選擇最新的一封郵件
        for i in range(mail_counts - 1, mail_counts - 2, -1):
            status, edata = server.fetch(emailids[i], '(RFC822)')
            msg = email.message_from_bytes(edata[0][1])
            #獲取郵件主題title
            subject = email.header.decode_header(msg.get('subject'))
            if type(subject[-1][0]) == bytes:
                title = subject[-1][0].decode(str(subject[-1][1]))
            elif type(subject[-1][0]) == str:
                title = subject[-1][0]
            print("title:", title)

其中,msg變量保存的就是郵件的主體,接下來因為會重復用到msg和tilte,我們將構造一個類函數返回msg和title。

    def get_email_title(msg):
        subject = email.header.decode_header(msg.get('subject'))
        if type(subject[-1][0]) == bytes:
            title = subject[-1][0].decode(str(subject[-1][1]))
        elif type(subject[-1][0]) == str:
            title = subject[-1][0]
        print("title:", title)
        return title

解析郵件,我們分為兩部分,郵件正文【HTML】和附件【xlsx等】,判斷有附件,我們就保存到固定的路徑下。表格的解析不再贅述瞭,pandas之類的包足以搞定。

    def get_att(msg):
        """獲取附件並下載"""
        filename = Email_parse.get_email_name(msg)
        for part in msg.walk():
            file_name = part.get_param("name")
            if file_name:
                data = part.get_payload(decode=True)
                if data != None:
                    att_file = open('./src/' + filename, 'wb')
                    att_file.write(data)
                    att_file.close()
                else:
                    pass

郵件正文內容,我們直接解析html,將文本內容直接保存到.txt文件中,方便讀取。

    def get_text_from_HTML(msg):
        """獲取郵件中的html"""
        filename = Email_parse.get_email_name(msg)
        current_title = Email_parse.get_email_title(msg)
        print("filename:",filename,type(filename))
        for part in msg.walk():
            if not part.is_multipart():
                result = part.get_payload(decode=True)
                result = result.decode('gbk')
                f = open(f'./src/{current_title}.txt','w')
                f.write(result)
                f.close()
                return result

完整代碼如下:

import email
import imaplib
from email.header import decode_header
import pandas as pd
import datetime


class Email_parse:
    def __init__(self,remote_server_url,email_url,password):
        self.remote_server_url = remote_server_url
        self.email_url = email_url
        self.password = password

    def get_att(msg):
        filename = Email_parse.get_email_name(msg)
        for part in msg.walk():
            file_name = part.get_param("name")
            if file_name:
                data = part.get_payload(decode=True)
                if data != None:
                    att_file = open('./src/' + filename, 'wb')
                    att_file.write(data)
                    att_file.close()
                else:
                    pass

    def get_email_title(msg):
        subject = email.header.decode_header(msg.get('subject'))
        if type(subject[-1][0]) == bytes:
            title = subject[-1][0].decode(str(subject[-1][1]))
        elif type(subject[-1][0]) == str:
            title = subject[-1][0]
        print("title:", title)
        return title


    def get_email_name(msg):
        for part in msg.walk():
            file_name = part.get_param("name")
            if file_name:
                h = email.header.Header(file_name)
                dh = email.header.decode_header(h)
                filename = dh[0][0]
                if dh[0][1]:
                    value, charset = decode_header(str(filename, dh[0][1]))[0]
                    if charset:
                        filename = value.decode(charset)
                        print("附件名稱:", filename)
                        return filename


    def main_parse_Email(self):
        server = imaplib.IMAP4_SSL(self.remote_server_url, 993)
        server.login(self.email_url, self.password)
        server.select('INBOX')
        status,data = server.search(None,"ALL")
        if status != 'OK':
            raise Exception('read email error')
        emailids = data[0].split()
        mail_counts = len(emailids)
        print("count:",mail_counts)
        for i in range(mail_counts - 1, mail_counts - 2, -1):
            status, edata = server.fetch(emailids[i], '(RFC822)')
            msg = email.message_from_bytes(edata[0][1])
            subject = email.header.decode_header(msg.get('subject'))
            if type(subject[-1][0]) == bytes:
                title = subject[-1][0].decode(str(subject[-1][1]))
            elif type(subject[-1][0]) == str:
                title = subject[-1][0]
            print("title:", title)
            Email_parse.get_att(msg)
            Email_parse.get_text_from_HTML(msg)


    def get_text_from_HTML(msg):
        filename = Email_parse.get_email_name(msg)
        current_title = Email_parse.get_email_title(msg)
        print("filename:",filename,type(filename))
        for part in msg.walk():
            if not part.is_multipart():
                result = part.get_payload(decode=True)
                result = result.decode('gbk')
                f = open(f'./src/{current_title}.txt','w')
                f.write(result)
                f.close()
                return result

if __name__ == "__main__":
    remote_server_url = 'imap.qq.com'
    email_url = "*********@qq.com"
    password = "**********"
    demo = Email_parse(remote_server_url,email_url,password)
    demo.main_parse_Email()

運行結果:

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